Aggressive Body Language Techniques > Using Body Language > Aggressive Body Language Body positions | Gestures | See also A significant cluster of body movements is used to signal aggression. This is actually quite useful as it is seldom a good idea to get into a fight, even for powerful people. Fighting can hurt you, even though you are pretty certain you will win. In addition, with adults, fighting is often socially unacceptable and aggression through words and body language is all that may ever happen. Threat Facial signals Much aggression can be shown in the face, from disapproving frowns and pursed lips to sneers and full snarls. The eyes can be used to stare and hold the gaze for long period. They may also squint, preventing the other person seeing where you are looking. Attack signals When somebody is about to attack, they give visual signal such as clenching of fists ready to strike and lowering and spreading of the body for stability. They are also likely to give anger signs such as redness of the face. Exposing oneself Exposing oneself to attack is also a form of aggression. It is saying 'Go on - I dare you. I will still win.' It can include not looking at the other person, crotch displays, relaxing the body, turning away and so on. Invasion Invading the space of the other person in some way is an act of aggression that is equivalent to one country invading another. False friendship Invasion is often done under the cloak of of familiarity, where you act as if you are being friendly and move into a space reserved for friends, but without being invited. This gives the other person a dilemma of whether to repel a 'friendly' advance or to accept dominance of the other. Approach When you go inside the comfort zone of others without permission, you are effectively invading their territory. The close you get, the greater your ability to have 'first strike', from which an opponent may not recover. Touching Touching the person is another form of invasion. Even touching social touch zones such as arm and back can be aggressive. Gestures Insulting gestures There are many, many gestures that have the primary intent of insulting the other person and hence inciting them to anger and a perhaps unwise battle. Single and double fingers pointed up, arm thrusts, chin tilts and so on are used, although many of these do vary across cultures (which can make for hazardous accidental movements when you are overseas). Many gestures are sexual in nature, indicating that the other person should go away and fornicate, that you (or someone else) are having sex with their partner, and so on. Mock attacks Gestures may include symbolic action that mimics actual attacks, including waving fingers (the beating baton), shaking fists, head-butts, leg-swinging and so on. This is saying 'Here is what I will do to you!' Physical items may be used as substitutes, for example banging of tables and doors or throwing . Again, this is saying 'This could be you!' Sudden movements All of these gestures may be done suddenly, signaling your level of aggression and testing the other person's reactions. Large gestures The size of gestures may also be used to signal levels of aggression, from simple finger movements to whole arm sweeps, sometimes even with exaggerated movements of the entire body. See also Power, Emotions, War game, Emphasis with body language, Dominant body language, Gesture types

Using Body Language Techniques > Using Body Language Message clusters | Core patterns | Parts-of-body language | Other notes | See also Body language is an important part of communication which can constitute 50% or more of what we are communicating. If you wish to communicate well, then it makes sense to understand how you can (and cannot) use your body to say what you mean. Message clusters Body language comes in clusters of signals and postures, depending on the internal emotions and mental states. Recognizing a whole cluster is thus far more reliable than trying to interpret individual elements. Aggressive Body Language: Showing physical threat. Assertive Body Language: Adult expression of desire. Attentive Body Language: Showing real interest. Bored Body Language: Just not being interested. Closed Body Language: Many reasons are closed. Confident Body Language: Appearing assured and comfortable. Deceptive Body Language: Seeking to cover up lying or other deception. Defensive Body Language: Protecting self from attack. Dominant Body Language: Dominating others. Emotional Body Language: Identifying feelings. Evaluating Body Language: Judging and deciding about something. Greeting Body Language: Meeting rituals. Open Body Language: Many reasons for being open. Power Body Language: Demonstrating one's power. Ready Body Language: Wanting to act and waiting for the trigger. Relaxed Body Language: Comfortable and unstressed. Romantic Body Language: Showing attraction to others. Sales Body Language: Using your body to sell. Submissive Body Language: Showing you are prepared to give in. Trustworthy Body Language: Showing you can be trusted. Core patterns A number of core patterns in body language can be identified that include clusters of movements: Crossing, Expanding, Moving away, Moving forward, Opening, Preening, Repeating, Shaping, Striking and Touching Parts-of-the-body language You can send signals with individual parts of the body as well as in concert. Here's details of the contributions of each part of the body. Head: Face, Cheek, Chin, Mouth, Lips, Teeth, Tongue, Nose, Eyes, Eyebrow, Forehead, Hair Arm: Elbow, Hand, Finger Torso: Neck, Shoulder, Chest, Back, Belly, Bottom, Hips Legs: Thigh, Knee, Foot Other notes Remember that body language varies greatly with people and especially with international cultures (so be very careful when applying Western understanding to Eastern non-verbal language). 5 Cs of Body Language: How to effectively understand body language. Body as Cue, Evidence, Persuasion: How we shape changes how we feel. Body Control: Can you control your body? Body Language Caveat: You can't control all of your muscles. So why bother? Emphasis with Body Language: Adding emphasis to what you are saying. Micro-expressions: Flashes of movement speak volumes. Social Distances: The space between us. Satir's Five Positions: Speaking positions. Touching: Using physical touch. Hugging: Close comfort and affection. There are about 75 pages of information in total in this section on body language. See also Non-Verbal Behavior, Understanding body language, Using Your Body

Facial expression From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) Photographs from the 1862 book Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine by Guillaume Duchenne. Through electric stimulation, determined which muscles were responsible for different facial expressions. Charles Darwin would later republish some of these photographs in his own work on the subject, which compared facial expressions in humans to those in animals. A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans, but they also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Humans can adopt a facial expression voluntarily or involuntarily, and the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling the expression differ in each case. Voluntary facial expressions are often socially conditioned and follow a cortical route in the brain. Conversely, involuntary facial expressions are believed to be innate and follow a subcortical route in the brain. Facial recognition is often an emotional experience for the brain and the amygdala is highly involved in the recognition process. The eyes are often viewed as important features of facial expressions. Aspects such as blinking rate can be used to indicate whether or not a person is nervous or whether or not he or she is lying. Also, eye contact is considered an important aspect of interpersonal communication. However, there are cultural differences regarding the social propriety of maintaining eye contact or not. Beyond the accessory nature of facial expressions in spoken communication between people, they play a significant role in communication with sign language. Many phrases in sign language include facial expressions in the display. There is controversy surrounding the question of whether or not facial expressions are worldwide and universal displays among humans. Supporters of the Universality Hypothesis claim that many facial expressions are innate and have roots in evolutionary ancestors. Opponents of this view question the accuracy of the studies used to test this claim and instead believe that facial expressions are conditioned and that people view and understand facial expressions in large part from the social situations around them. Contents 1 Creation 1.1 Facial muscles 1.2 Neuronal pathways 2 Neural mechanisms in face perception 2.1 Gender and facial cues 3 Communication 3.1 Eye contact 3.2 Micro expressions 3.3 Sign languages 4 Universality hypothesis 4.1 Support 4.2 Criticism 4.3 Evolutionary significance of universality 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Creation Facial muscles Facial expressions are vital to social communication between humans. They are caused by the movement of muscles that connect to the skin and fascia in the face. These muscles move the skin, creating lines and folds and causing the movement of facial features, such as the mouth and eyebrows. These muscles develop from the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The temporalis, masseter, and internal and external pterygoid muscles, which are mainly used for chewing, have a minor effect on expression as well. These muscles develop from the first pharyngeal arch.[1] Neuronal pathways There are two brain pathways associated with facial expression; the first is voluntary expression. Voluntary expression travels from the primary motor cortex through the pyramidal tract, specifically the corticobulbar projections. The cortex is associated with display rules in emotion, which are social precepts that influence and modify expressions. Cortically related expressions are made consciously.[1] The second type of expression is emotional. These expressions originate from the extrapyramidal motor system, which involves subcortical nuclei. For this reason, genuine emotions are not associated with the cortex and are often displayed unconsciously. This is demonstrated in infants before the age of two; they display distress, disgust, interest, anger, contempt, surprise, and fear. Infants’ displays of these emotions indicate that they are not cortically related. Similarly, blind children also display emotions, proving that they are subconscious rather than learned. Other subcortical facial expressions include the “knit brow” during concentration, raised eyebrows when listening attentively, and short “punctuation” expressions to add emphasis during speech. People do not consciously realize that they are producing these expressions.[1] Neural mechanisms in face perception See also: Face perception The amygdala plays an important role in facial recognition. Functional imaging studies have found that when shown pictures of faces, there is a large increase in the activity of the amygdala. The amygdala receives visual information from the thalamus via the subcortical pathways.[2] The amygdala may also have a significant role in the recognition of fear and negative emotions. It is believed that the emotion disgust is recognized through activation of the insula and basal ganglia. The recognition of emotion may also utilize the occipitotemporal neocortex, orbitofrontal cortex and right frontoparietal cortices.[3] Gender and facial cues More than anything though, what shapes a child’s cognitive ability to detect facial expression is being exposed to it from the time of birth. The more an infant is exposed to different faces and expressions, the more able they are to recognize these emotions and then mimic them for themselves. Infants are exposed to an array of emotional expressions from birth, and evidence indicates that they imitate some facial expressions and gestures (e.g., tongue protrusion) as early as the first few days of life.[4][full citation needed] Communication Eye contact See also: Eye contact A person's face, especially their eyes, creates the most obvious and immediate cues that lead to the formation of impressions.[5] This article discusses eyes and facial expressions and the effect they have on interpersonal communication. A person's eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980.[6] Though Tecce's data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates' perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.[7] Eye contact is another major aspect of facial communication. Some have hypothesized that this is due to infancy, as humans are one of the few mammals who maintain regular eye contact with their mother while nursing.[8] Eye contact serves a variety of purposes. It regulates conversations, shows interest or involvement, and establishes a connection with others. Eye contact regulates conversational turn taking, communicates involvement and interest, manifests warmth, and establishes connections with others…[and] it can command attention, be flirtatious, or seem cold and intimidating… [it] invites conversation. Lack of eye contact is usually perceived to be rude or inattentive.[7] But different cultures have different rules for eye contact. Certain Asian cultures can perceive direct eye contact as a way to signal competitiveness, which in many situations may prove to be inappropriate. Others lower their eyes to signal respect, and similarly eye contact is avoided in Nigeria, and between men and women in Islam;[9] however, in western cultures this could be misinterpreted as lacking self-confidence. Even beyond the idea of eye contact, eyes communicate more data than a person even consciously expresses. Pupil dilation is a significant cue to a level of excitement, pleasure, or attraction. Dilated pupils indicate greater affection or attraction, while constricted pupils send a colder signal. Micro expressions Micro expressions are the facial expressions that last less than a second that can help to determine the true feelings or emotions of the sender in communication. The fundamental characteristics of a micro-expression, according to Ekman’s original definition, are involuntary leakage and fast speed.[10][full citation needed] These expressions have been gaining more attention over the years for many reasons. The show Lie To Me exhibits the art of watching the micro expressions of people and determining whether they are being truthful or not. Law enforcement can benefit from this practice to catch criminals. This is not something that is easy to do, as a University of San Francisco study shows that less than 1% of people are natural lie detectors who can detect micro expressions and lies without first being trained.[citation needed] It is unknown how this tiny demographic has learned such a useful skill,[clarification needed] and researchers are still trying to determine what qualities people may possess to make them successful. So far, researchers have not been able to find a technology that can accomplish the same lie-detecting skills as people who are natural lie detectors. However, it is possible for anyone with a computer to be formally trained in the art of detecting micro expressions.[citation needed] Cues that tip off lie-detectors can be through the mouth, eye movements, or even our eyebrows. Micro expressions have become increasingly studied over the years due to the possible help in detecting danger or someone's true, underlying emotions.[citation needed] Sign languages Facial expression is used in sign languages to convey specific meanings. In American Sign Language (ASL), for instance, raised eyebrows combined with a slightly forward head tilt indicate that what is being signed is a yes/no question. Lowered eyebrows are used for wh-word questions. Facial expression is also used in sign languages to show adverbs and adjectives such as distance or size: an open mouth, squinted eyes, and tilted back head indicate something far while the mouth pulled to one side and the cheek held toward the shoulder indicate something close, and puffed cheeks mean very large. It can also show the manner in which something is done, such as carelessly or routinely.[11] Some of these expressions, also called non-manual signs, are used similarly in different sign languages while others are different from one language to another. For example, the expression used for 'carelessly' in ASL means 'boring or unpleasant' in British Sign Language.[12] Universality hypothesis The universality hypothesis is the assumption that certain facial expressions are signals of specific emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust) that are recognized by people everywhere, regardless of culture or language. The evolutionary basis of these kinds of facial expressions can be traced back to Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Reviews of the universality hypothesis have been both supportive[13][14] and critical.[15][16] Support Ekman's work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. To demonstrate the universality hypothesis, Ekman tested the South Fore people of New Guinea, a pre-industrial culture that was isolated from the west. The Fore were told brief stories about emotional events (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust). After each story, they were asked to select the matching facial expression from an array of three faces.[17] The Fore selected the correct face on 64%-90% of trials but had difficulty distinguishing the fear face from the surprise face. Children selected from an array of only two faces, and their results were similar to the adults’. Subsequent cross-cultural studies found similar results.[18] Criticism Both sides of this debate agree that the face expresses emotion. The controversy surrounds the uncertainty about what specific emotional information is read from a facial expression. Opponents of the universality hypothesis believe that more general information is pieced together with other contextual information in order to determine how a person feels.[19] One argument against the evidence presented in support of the universality hypothesis is that the method typically used to demonstrate universality inflates recognition scores.[16] Although each factor may contribute only a small amount to the inflation, combined, they can produce exaggerated scores. The three main factors are the following: The universality hypothesis focuses on people's abilities to recognize spontaneous facial expressions as they occur naturally. However, the facial expressions used to test this hypothesis are posed. Studies of spontaneous facial expressions are rare and find that participants’ recognition of the expressions is lower than that of the corresponding posed expressions.[20][21] In most studies, participants are shown more than one facial expression (Ekman recommends six of each expression). However, people judge facial expressions relative to others that they have seen,[22] and participants who judge more than one facial expression have higher recognition rates than those who judge only one.[16] The response format that is most commonly used in emotion recognition studies is forced choice. In forced choice, for each facial expression, participants are asked to select their response from a short list of emotion labels. The forced choice method determines the emotion attributed to the facial expressions via the labels that are presented.[16] That is, participants will select the best match to the facial expression even if it is not the emotion label they would have provided spontaneously and even if they would not have labeled the expression as an emotion at all.[23] Evolutionary significance of universality Darwin argued that the expression of emotions has evolved in humans from animals, who would have used similar methods of expression. Darwin believed that expressions were unlearned and innate in human nature and were therefore evolutionarily significant for survival. Darwin obtained evidence of this through his research on different cultures and species and on infants.[24] Ekman found that people shared many similar facial expressions despite never having met previously before. He was successfully able to confirm Darwin’s initial hypothesis that expressions were indeed unlearned behaviors that develop independently from cultured expressions.[25] Cross-cultural studies had shown that there are similarities in the way emotions are expressed across diverse cultures, but studies have even shown that there are similarities between species in how emotions are expressed. Research has shown that chimpanzees are able to communicate many of the same facial expressions as humans through the complex movements of the facial muscles. In fact, the facial cues were so similar that Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System could be applied to the chimps in evaluating their expressions.[26] Of course, differences between the species' physical facial properties, such as white sclera and everted lips in chimps, would mean that some expressions could not be compared.[27] Similarly, Darwin observed that infants’ method of expression not only was similar to those of adults, but seemed to be instinctive, as they were able to display emotional expressions they had not themselves yet witnessed.[28] It is clear that facial morphology impacts expression recognition in important ways. Therefore, infant facial morphology may also serve some specific communicative function. These similarities in morphology and movement in emotional expression are important for the interpretation of emotions.[29] Darwin was particularly interested in the functions facial expression as evolutionarily important for survival. He looked at the functions of facial expression in terms of the utility of expression in the life on the animal and in terms of specific expressions in species. Darwin deduced that animals were communicating feelings of different emotional states with specific facial expressions. He further concluded that this communication was important for the survival of animals in group-dwelling species; the skill to effectively communicate or interpret another animal’s feelings and behaviors would be a principal trait in naturally fit species.[30] See also Upset over a candy dispute with another child, a boy displays an angry pout Affect display Bell's Palsy Computer processing of body language Emotion Emotion classification Facial Action Coding System, Paul Ekman Facial recognition system Laughter, Gelotology, Freitas-Magalhães Metacommunicative competence Thought Moments References Rinn, William E. (1984). "The Neuropsychology of Facial Expression: A Review of the Neurological and Psychological Mechanisms for Producing Facial Expressions". Psychological Bulletin (American Psychological Association, Inc.) 95 (1): 52–77. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.52. Carlson, Neil R. (2010). Physiology of behavior (10th ed. ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. pp. 386–389. ISBN 0205666272. Adolphs, Ralph (9 May 2002). "Neural systems for recognizing emotion". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12 (2): 169. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00301-X. (Field, Woodson,Greenberg, & Cohen, 1982; Meltzoff & Moore, 1983) Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press "In the blink of an eye." (October 21, 1999). Newsweek. Rothwell, J. Dan. In the Company of Others: An Introduction to Communication. United States: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Spitz, Rene A., and Wolf, K. M. "The Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations." Genetic Psychology Monographs. 34 (August 1946). P. 57-125. Caring for Patients from Different Cultures, by Geri-Ann Galanti, p. 34 Ekman and Friesen 1969 Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980). American Sign Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture. Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers. Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998). The linguistics of British Sign Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ekman, P.; W. V. Friesen; P. Ellsworth (1972). "Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and a review of findings.". New York: Permagon. Izard, C. E. (1971). "The face of emotion". New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Woodworth, R. S.; Schlosberg, H. (1954). Experimental Psychology. New York: Henry Holt. Russell, James A. (1994). Psychological Bulletin (American Psychological Association, Inc.) 115 (1): 102–141. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102. Ekman, P.; W. V. Friesen (1971). "Constants across cultures in the face and emotion". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (17): 124–129. Ekman, P.; Friesen, W.V.; O'Sullivan, M.; et al (1987). "Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion". Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 53 (4): 712–717. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.712. Carroll, J. M.; J. A. Russell (1996). "Do facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (70): 205–218. Matsumoto, David; LeRoux, Jeff; Wilson-Cohn, Carida; et al (September 2000). "A New Test to Measure Emotion Recognition Ability: Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART)". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (3): 179–209. Naab, P. J.; J. A. Russell (2007). "Judgments of emotion from spontaneous facial expressions of New Guineans". Emotion 7 (4): 736–744. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.736. Thayer, Stephen (1980). "The effect of expression sequence and expressor identity on judgments of the intensity of facial expression". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5 (2): 71–79. doi:10.1007/bf00986510. Wagner, H. L. (2000). "The accessibility of the term "contempt" and the meaning of the unilateral lip curl". Cognition and Emotion 14: 689–710. doi:10.1080/02699930050117675. Ekman, edited by Paul (2006). Darwin and facial expression : a century of research in review. Cambridge, MA: Malor Books. p. 12. ISBN 188353688X. Carlson, Neil R. (2012). Physiology of behavior (11th ed. ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. p. 377. ISBN 0205239390. Vick, Sarah-Jane; Waller, Bridget M., Parr, Lisa A., Smith Pasqualini, Marcia C., Bard, Kim A. (15 December 2006). "A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 31 (1): 18. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC 3008553. PMID 21188285. Vick, Sarah-Jane; Waller, Bridget M., Parr, Lisa A., Smith Pasqualini, Marcia C., Bard, Kim A. (15 December 2006). "A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 31 (1): 16. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC 3008553. PMID 21188285. Russell, James (1994). "Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion From Facial Expression? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies". Psychological Bulletin 115: 102–141. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102. PMID 8202574. Vick, Sarah-Jane; Waller, Bridget M., Parr, Lisa A., Smith Pasqualini, Marcia C., Bard, Kim A. (15 December 2006). "A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 31 (1): 17. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC 3008553. PMID 21188285. Ekman, edited by Paul (2006). Darwin and facial expression : a century of research in review. Cambridge, MA: Malor Books. pp. 12–14. ISBN 188353688X. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Facial expression Wikimedia Commons has media related to Facial expressions. The Naked Face, August 5, 2002. Annals of Psychology Facial Expressions Resources Page contains links to research concerning facial expressions Bell's Palsy information site Information for sufferer's of facial palsy/facial paralysis The Umeå University Database of Facial Expressions, October 12, 2012. Journal of Medical Internet Research The JAFFE Database of Facial Expressions Categories: Facial expressions Anatomical simulation Emotion

Body language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Body language (disambiguation). Body language refers to various forms of nonverbal communication, where in a person may reveal clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behavior. These behaviors include (but are not limited to) facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. Body language exists in both animals and humans, but this article focuses on interpretations of human body language. It is also known as kinesics. Body language must not be confused with sign language, as sign languages are full languages like spoken languages and have their own complex grammar systems, as well as being able to exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages.[1][2] Body language, on the other hand, does not have a grammar and must be interpreted broadly, instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement, so it is not a language like sign language,[3] and is simply termed as a "language" due to popular culture. In a community, there are agreed-upon interpretations of particular behavior. Interpretations may vary from country to country, or culture to culture. On this note, there is controversy on whether body language is universal. Body language, a subset of nonverbal communication, complements verbal communication in social interaction. In fact some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions.[4] It helps to establish the relationship between two people and regulates interaction, but can be ambiguous. Hence, it is crucial to accurately read body language to avoid misunderstanding in social interactions. Contents 1 Physical movement 1.1 Facial expression 1.2 Body postures 1.3 Gestures 1.4 Handshakes 1.5 Other types of physical movements 2 Other subcategories of body language 2.1 Oculesics 2.2 Haptics 2.3 Proxemics 3 Tone of voice 4 Universal vs. culture-specific body language 5 Applications 5.1 Instructional teaching 5.1.1 Second-language acquisition 5.1.2 Enhancing teaching 5.2 Detecting deceit 5.2.1 Law enforcement 5.2.2 Poker 6 Kinesics 7 See also 8 References Physical movement Facial expression Facial expression is integral when expressing emotions through the body. Combinations of eyes, eyebrow, lips and cheek movements help form different moods of an individual (e.g. happy, sad, depressed, angry, etc.).[5] A few studies show that facial expression and bodily expression (i.e. body language) are congruent when interpreting emotions.[6][7] Behavioural experiments have also shown that recognition of facial expression is influenced by perceived bodily expression. This means that the brain processes the other's facial and bodily expressions simultaneously.[6] Subjects in these studies showed accuracy in judging emotions based on facial expression. This is because the face and the body are normally seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals from the face and body are well integrated. Body postures Emotions can also be detected through body postures. Research has shown that body postures are more accurately recognised when an emotion is compared with a different or neutral emotion.[8] For example, a person feeling angry would portray dominance over the other, and his/her posture displays approach tendencies. Comparing this to a person feeling fearful: he/she would feel weak, submissive and his/her posture would display avoidance tendencies,[8] the opposite of an angry person. Sitting or standing postures also indicate one’s emotions. A person sitting till the back of his/her chair, leans forward with his/her head nodding along with the discussion implies that he/she is open, relaxed and generally ready to listen. On the other hand, a person who has his/her legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking slightly implies that he/she is feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion.[5] In a standing discussion, a person stands with arms akimbo with feet pointed towards the speaker could suggest that he/she is attentive and is interested in the conversation. However, a small difference in this posture could mean a lot. For example, if the same person has his/her leg crossed over the other, and places his/her entire balance on one leg, this suggests a more casual attitude.[5] Gestures Gestures are movements made with body parts (e.g. hands, arms, fingers, head, legs) and they may be voluntary or involuntary.[5] Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways. In a discussion, when one stands or sits with folded arms, this is normally not a welcoming gesture. It could mean that he/she has a closed mind and is most likely unwilling to listen to the speaker’s viewpoint. Another type of arm gesture also includes an arm crossed over the other, demonstrating insecurity and a lack of confidence.[5] Hand gestures often signify the state of well-being of the person making them. Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self-assurance, while clenched hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger. If a person is wringing his/her hands, this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety.[5] Finger gestures are also commonly used to exemplify one’s speech as well as denote the state of well-being of the person making them. In certain cultures, pointing using one’s index finger is deemed acceptable. However, pointing at a person may be viewed as aggressive in other cultures - for example, people who share Hindu beliefs consider finger pointing offensive. Instead, they point with their thumbs.[9] Likewise, the thumbs up gesture could show “OK” or “good” in countries like the US, France and Germany. But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran, Bangladesh and Thailand, where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US.[9] Handshakes Handshakes are regular greeting rituals and are commonly done on meeting, greeting, offering congratulations or after the completion of an agreement. They usually indicate the level of confidence and emotion level in people.[5] Studies have also categorised several handshake styles,[9] e.g. the finger squeeze, the bone crusher (shaking hands too strongly), the limp fish (shaking hands too weakly), etc. Handshakes are popular in the US and are appropriate for use between men and women. However, in Muslim cultures, men may not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa. Likewise, in Hindu cultures, Hindu men may never shake hands with women. Instead, they greet women by placing their hands as if praying. Other types of physical movements Covering one’s mouth suggests suppression of feeling and perhaps uncertainty. This could also mean that he/she is thinking hard and may be unsure of what to say next.[5] Other subcategories of body language Oculesics Main article: Oculesics Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. As a social or behavioral science, oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior.[10] It is also crucial to note that Oculesics is culturally dependent. For example, in traditional Anglo-Saxon culture, avoiding eye contact usually portrays a lack of confidence, certainty, or truthfulness.[11] However, in the Latino culture, direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person.[11] Haptics Main article: Haptic communication Haptics, a subcategory of Body Language, is the study of touching and how it is used in communication.[12] As such, handshakes, holding hands, kissing, back slapping, high fives, brushing up against someone or pats all have meaning.[12] Based on the Body Language Project,[12] touching is the most developed sense at birth and formulates our initial views of the world. Touching can be used to sooth, for amusement during play, to flirt, to expressing power and maintaining bonds between people such as with baby and mother. Touching can carry distinct emotions and also show the intensity of those emotions. Touch absent of other cues can signal anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude and sympathy depending on the length and type of touching that is performed. Many factors also contribute to the meaning of touching such as the length of the touch and location on the body in which the touching takes place. Research has also shown that people can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch.[13] Heslin outlines five haptic categories:[14] Functional/professional which expresses task-orientation Donald Walton[15] stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder, that’s the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton.[15] Social/polite which expresses ritual interaction A study by Jones and Yarbrough[16] regarded communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others. For example, Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.[16] Friendship/warmth which expresses idiosyncratic relationship Love/intimacy which expresses emotional attachment Public touch can serve as a ‘tie sign’ that shows others that your partner is “taken”.[17] When a couple is holding hands, putting their arms around each other, this is a ‘tie sign’ showing others that they are together. The use of ‘tie signs’ are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall.[18] Sexual/arousal which expresses sexual intent. The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is also culturally dependent. Proxemics Main article: Proxemics Diagram of Edward T. Hall's personal reaction bubbles (1966), showing radius in feet Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships, which is also known as Proxemics. Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966, proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another.[19] In the book, Body Language,[20] Julius Fast mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to others’ invasions of our personal territories, which links Proxemics an important part of Body Language. Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most men operate:[19] Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm) Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm) Social distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m) Public Distance used for public speaking Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more. In addition to physical distance, the level of intimacy between conversants can be determined by "socio-petal socio-fugal axis", or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders".[21] Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy, declare a lack of interest, or increase/decrease domination.[22] It can also influence the body language that is used. For example, when people talk they like to face each other. If forced to sit side by side, their body language will try to compensate for this lack of eye-to-eye contact by leaning in shoulder-to-shoulder.[22] It is important to note that as with other types of Body Language, proximity range varies with culture. Hall suggested that "physical contact between two people ... can be perfectly correct in one culture, and absolutely taboo in another".[23] In Latin America, people who may be complete strangers may engage in very close contact. They often greet one another by kissing on the cheeks. North Americans, on the other hand, prefer to shake hands. While they have made some physical contact with the shaking of the hand, they still maintain a certain amount of physical space between the other person.[24] Tone of voice Tone of voice is a combination of spoken language and body language. The manner in which something is said can affect how it should be interpreted. Shouting, smiling, irony and so on may add a layer of meaning which is neither pure body language nor speech. Universal vs. culture-specific body language Scholars have long debated on whether body language, particularly facial expressions, are universally understood. In Darwin’s (1872) evolutionary theory, he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited.[25] On the other hand, scholars have questioned if culture influences one’s bodily expression of emotions. Broadly, the theories can be categorized into two models: Cultural Equivalence Model The Cultural Equivalence Model predicts that “individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of in-group and out-group members” (Soto & Levenson, 2009). This model is rooted in Darwin’s (1872) evolutionary theory, where he noted that both humans and animals share similar postural expressions of emotions such as anger/aggression, happiness, and fear.[26] These similarities support the evolution argument that social animals (including humans) have a natural ability to relay emotional signals with one another, a notion shared by several academics (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974; Linnankoski, Laasko, Aul-anko, & Leinonen, 1994). Where Darwin notes similarity in expression among animals and humans, the Cultural Equivalence Model notes similarity in expression across cultures in humans, even though they may be completely different. One of the strongest pieces of evidence that supports this model was a study conducted by Ekman and Friesen (1971), where members of a preliterate tribe in Papua New Guinea reliably recognized the facial expressions of individuals from the United States. Culturally isolated and with no exposure to US media, there was no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to the Papuan tribesmen.[27] Cultural Advantage Model On the other hand, the Cultural Advantage Model predicts that individuals of the same race “process the visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other-race faces”.[28] Other factors that increase accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents.[29] There are numerous studies that support both the Cultural Equivalence Model and the Cultural Advantage Model, but reviewing the literature indicates that there is a general consensus that 7 emotions are universally recognized, regardless of cultural background: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, contempt, disgust, and sadness.[30] Recently, scholars have shown that the expressions of pride and shame are universal. Tracy and Robins (2008) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture of the body with the head tilted back, with a low-intensity face and a non-Duchenne smile (raising the corner of the mouth). The expression of shame includes the hiding of the face, either by turning it down or covering it with the hands.[27] Applications Fundamentally, body language is seemed as an involuntary and unconscious phenomena that adds to the process of communication. Despite that, there have been certain areas where the conscious harnessing of body language - both in action and comprehension - have been useful. The use of body language has also seen an increase in application and use commercially, with large volumes of books and guides published designed to teach people how to be conscious of body language, and how to use it to benefit them in certain scenarios.[20] The use of body language can be seen in a wide variety of fields. Body language has seen application in instructional teaching in areas such as second-language acquisition[31] and also to enhance the teaching of subjects like mathematics. A related use of body language is as a substitution to verbal language to people who lack the ability to use that, be it because of deafness or aphasia. Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting deceit through micro-expressions, both in law enforcement and even in the world of poker.[32] Instructional teaching Second-language acquisition The importance of body language in second-language acquisition was inspired by the fact that to successfully learn a language is to achieve discourse, strategic, and sociolinguistic competencies.[33] Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding the body language that aids the use of a particular language. This is usually also highly culturally influenced. As such, a conscious ability to recognize and even perform this sort of body language is necessary to achieve fluency in a language beyond the discourse level. The importance of body language to verbal language use is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in comprehension.[33] Pennycook (1985) suggests to limit the use of non-visual materials to facilitate the teaching of a second language to improve this aspect of communication. He calls this being not just bilingual but also 'bi-kinesic'.[34] Enhancing teaching Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language, but also in other areas. The idea behind using it is as a nonlinguistic input.[35] It can be used to guide, hint, or urge a student towards the right answer. This is usually paired off with other verbal methods of guiding the student, be it through confirmation checks or modified language use. Tai[36] in his 2014 paper provides a list of three main characteristic of body language and how they influence teaching. The features are intuition, communication, and suggestion. The intuitive feature of body language used in teaching is the exemplification of the language, especially individual words, through the use of matching body language. For example, when teaching about the word "cry", teachers can imitate a crying person. This enables a deeper impression which is able to lead to greater understanding of the particular word.[36] The communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere that is able to facilitate effective learning. A holistic environment is more productive for learning and the acquisition for new knowledge.[36] The suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for the students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word through pairing it with the body language itself.[36] Detecting deceit Law enforcement Body language has seen use in the area of law enforcement. The relevance of body language in this area can be seen in the numerous Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Law Enforcement Bulletins[37][38] that have included it in their articles. The application of body language in law enforcement goes both ways. Members of law enforcement can use body language to catch unspoken cues by suspects or even victims, this enables a more calculated and more comprehensive judgement of people. The other side of body language is that of the investigators' themselves. The body language of the members of law enforcement might influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.[39] Poker Main article: Poker The game of poker does not consist only of the actual ability of playing the game, but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents. A key component of poker is to be able to "cheat" the opponents. To spot these cheats, players must have the ability to spot the individual "ticks" of their opponents. Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well. Kinesics Main article: Kinesics Kinesics is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole;[40] in layman's terms, it is the study of body language. However, Ray Birdwhistell, who is considered the founder of this area of study, never used the term body language, and did not consider it appropriate. He argued that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition of language.[3] Birdwhistell pointed out that "human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced”. And, he “resisted the idea that “body language” could be deciphered in some absolute fashion". He also indicated that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication".[3] Despite that, body language is still more widely used than kinesics. See also Paul Ekman Facial Action Coding System References Klima, Edward S.; & Bellugi, Ursula. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-80795-2. Sandler, Wendy; & Lillo-Martin, Diane. (2006). Sign Language and Linguistic Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barfield, T (1997). The dictionary of anthropology. Illinois: Blackwell Publishing. Onsager, Mark. [1] "Understanding the Importance of Non-Verbal Communication"], Body Language Dictionary, New York, 19 May 2014. Retrieved on 26 October 2014. Kurien, Daisy N (March 1, 2010). "Body Language: Silent Communicator at the Workplace". IUP Journal of Soft Skills 4 (1/2): 29–36. Gu, Yuanyuan; Mai, Xiaoqin; Luo, Yue-jia; Di Russo, Francesco (23 July 2013). "Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body". PLoS ONE 8 (7): e66762. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066762. Kret, ME; Pichon, S; Grezes, J; de Gelder, B (Jan 15, 2011). "Similarities and differences in perceiving threat from dynamic faces and bodies. An fMRI study". NEUROIMAGE 54 (2): 8. PMID 10538119. Mondloch, Catherine J.; Nelson, Nicole L.; Horner, Matthew; Pavlova, Marina (10 September 2013). "Asymmetries of Influence: Differential Effects of Body Postures on Perceptions of Emotional Facial Expressions". PLoS ONE 8 (9): e73605. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073605. Black, Roxie M. (2011). "Cultural Considerations of Hand Use". Journal of Hand Therapy 24 (2): 104–111. doi:10.1016/j.jht.2010.09.067. Sullivan, Larry E. (31 August 2009). The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (illustrated ed.). SAGE Publications. p. 577. ISBN 1412951437. Cruz, William. "Differences In Nonverbal Communication Styles between Cultures: The Latino-Anglo Perspective". Leadership and Management in Engineering 1 (4): 51–53. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2001)1:4(51). ISSN 1532-6748. Retrieved 14 October 2014. "Haptics: The Use Of Touch In Communication". Body Language Project. Retrieved 14 October 2014. Hertenstein, Matthew J.; Keltner, Dacher; App, Betsy; Bulleit, Brittany A.; Jaskolka, Ariane R. (2006). "Touch Communicates Distinct Emotions". Emotion 6 (3): 528–533. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528. Heslin, R. (1974, May) Steps toward a taxomony of touching. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. Walton, Donald (May 1989). Are You Communicating?: You Can't Manage Without It (First ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 244. ISBN 0070680523. Jones, Stanley E. & A. Elaine Yarbrough; Yarbrough, A. Elaine (1985). "A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch". Communication Monographs 52 (1): 19–56. doi:10.1080/03637758509376094. Retrieved 14 October 2014. Morris, Desmond (1977). Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior (illustrated ed.). Abrams. p. 320. ISBN 0810913100. Burgoon, Judee K.; Buller, David B.; Woodall, William Gill (1996). Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070089957. Hall, Edward T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-08476-5 Fast, Julius (2014). Body Language. Open Road Media. ISBN 1497622689. Moore, Nina (2010). Nonverbal Communication:Studies and Applications. New York: Oxford University Press "The significance of Body Language". Retrieved 14 October 2014. Hall, Edward T. (1968). "Proxemics". Current Anthropology (The University of Chicago Press) 9 (2/3): 88. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/2740724. Retrieved 14 October 2014. "Proxemics and culture". Retrieved 14 October 2014. Ekman, Paul (1971). "Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion". Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 19: 207–283. Soto, Jose Angel; Levenson, Robert W. (2009). "Emotion recognition across cultures: The influence of ethnicity on empathic accuracy and physiological linkage". Emotion 9 (6): 874–884. doi:10.1037/a0017399. Tracy, Jessica L.; Robins, Richard W. (2008). "The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition". Personality and Social Psychology 94 (3): 516–530. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.3.516. O'Toole, Alice J.; Peterson, Jennifer; Deffenbacher, Kenneth A. (1996). "An "other-race effect" for categorizing faces by sex". Perception 25 (6): 669–676. Marsh, A.A.; Elfenbein, H.A.; Ambady, N. (2003). "Nonverbal "accents": Cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion". Psychological Science 14 (4): 373–376. PMID 12807413. Russell, James A. (1994). "Is There Universal Recognition of Emotion From Facial Expression? A Review of the Cross-Cultural Studies". Psychological Bulletin 115 (1): 102–141. Gregersen, Tammy S. (July 2007). "Language learning beyond words: Incorporating body language into classroom activities". Reflections on English Language Teaching 6: 51–64. Caro, Mike (1994). The Body Language of Poker: Mike Caro's Book of Tells. Kellerman, Susan (1992). "I see what you mean: The role of kinesic behaviour in listening and the implications for foreign and second language learning". Applied Linguistics 13 (3): 239–258. Pennycook, Alastair (1985). "Actions speak louder than words: Paralanguage, communication, and education". TESOL Quarterly 19 (2): 259–282. Brandl, Klaus (2007). Communicative Language Teaching in Action: Putting Principles to Work. Tai, Yuanyuan (2014). "The Application of Body Language in English Teaching". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 5 (5): 1205–1209. Pinizzoto, Anthony J.; Davis, Edward F.; Miller III, Charles E. (March 2006). "Dead Right". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 75 (3): 1–8. Matsumoto, David; Hyi Sung, Hwang; Skinner, Lisa; Frank, Mark (June 2011). "Evaluating Truthfulness and Detecting Deception". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 80 (6): 1–8. Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement. October 1999. Danesi, M (2006). "Kinesics". Encyclopedia of language & linguistics.: 207–213. Categories: Human positions Nonverbal communication Social philosophy Social psychology

The prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, author of several books and cultural projects by the Ministry of Culture, creates design for conducting surveys of cities, states and regions. HAVE A HISTORY OF YOUR CITY IN A BOOK! The desire of the research is to publish books, publishing your city / state / region, culture, accents, traditions, festivals and etc. Proposals may be either public or private companies, university professors, colleges, mayors or even institutions. Those interested should contact the teacher by e-mail or phone. E-mail: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br NOTE .: Due to the large number of cultural projects that the teacher monitors, meetings and proposals must be scheduled!

Prof. Marcos Tadeu expande pesquisas a países de Língua portuguesa O prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, autor de vários livros, cria projeto para realização de pesquisas em países estrangeiros (podendo ser realizado em países de outro idioma, contudo deve oferecer interprete)o projeto prioriza países que falam a língua portuguesa, como Portugal, Ilha da Madeira, Arquipélago dos Açores, Moçambique, Angola, Guiné-Bissau, Cabo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe. O desejo da pesquisa é pesquisar e publicar livros (de seu país, estado ou cidade)direcionados tanto ao elemento histórico quanto do comportamento humano ou seja da Linguagem Corporal. As propostas podem ser tanto de empresas públicas ou privadas, professores universitários ou mesmo instituições. Os interessados devem entrar em contato com o professor pelo seu e-mail ou mesmo telefone. E-mail: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/marcostcj The prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, author of several books, creates project to conduct research in foreign countries (which is done in countries with languages​​, but must provide interpreter) project prioritizes countries that speak Portuguese as Portugal, Madeira, Azores Archipelago, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe. The desire of the research is to research and publish books (of your country, state or city) directed both the historical element as human behavior ie the Body Language. Proposals may be either public or private companies, university professors or institutions. Those interested should contact the teacher by e-mail or phone. E-mail: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/marcostcj Gāi jiàoshòu. Mǎ kēsī tǎ dé wū kǎ duō zuǒ, jǐ běnshū de zuòzhě, chuàngjiàn xiàngmù jìnxíng yánjiū, zài guó wài (zhè shì yǔ yǔyán de guójiā jìnxíng, dàn bìxū tígōng fānyì) xiàngmù dì yōuxiān shùnxù shì jiǎng pútáoyá yǔ pútáoyá, mǎ dé lā qúndǎo guójiā, yà sù ěr qúndǎo, mòsāngbǐkè, āngēlā, jǐnèiyǎ bǐ shào, fú dé jiǎo hé shèng duō měihé pǔ lín xī bǐ. Gāi yánjiū de yùwàng shì yánjiū hé chūbǎn de shūjí (nín suǒzài de guójiā, zhōu huò chéngshì) zhídǎo shuāngfāng de lìshǐ yuánsù, jí rén de shēntǐ yǔyán xíngwéi. Jiànyì kěyǐ shì gōnggòng huò sīyíng gōngsī, dàxué jiàoshòu huò jīgòu. Yǒu xìngqù zhě yìng tōngguò diànzǐ yóujiàn huò diànhuà liánxì lǎoshī. Diànzǐ yóuxiāng: Marcostcj@yahoo.Com.Br Facebook de: Https://Www.Facebook.Com/marcostcj

Body language signs and attraction Body language is an integral part of our daily lives as human beings. Understanding body language signs is not only important in personal relationships, but it can also be helpful for professional relationships too. Becoming observant of – and learning to understand – non-verbal communication increases your emotional intelligence. Maybe you’ve landed here on this page as you’re keen to uncover the body language signs of physical attraction (see list further down). It can be really hard sometimes to figure out if someone ‘fancies’ you or not! Understanding body language is obviously very useful if you’re dating, but you might be here for professional reasons. Either way, there’s lots of advice on this page to get you started! Nonverbal communication As well as reading this page on body language signs, be sure to have a look at Types of Non-Verbal Communication. Body language signs can be the cause much confusion and miscommunication, so I hope to bring some clarity. Spotting body language signs and responding to them It’s only with years of experience that I’ve learned to pick up on signs that I need to pay attention to. As a counsellor I have found over time what to look for, what to do with it, how much attention to give to it, and how and when to respond. You are faced with a completely different situation. So, with the knowledge I’ve gained, I hope to be able to help you to understand other people's messages a little better. It’ll prepare you for more fruitful conversations with the people around you - be they friends, family, business associates or students. Though I will focus on you and your partner in particular. How to avoid making mistakes It’s not helpful to attach a ‘fixed meaning’ to any particular movements as a 'sign' of something. It’s best to avoid ‘interpreting’ non-verbal signs without other ‘evidence’. Reading body language can be a complicated business, even though we all have a natural ability to do it. People who are deaf and have learned to use sign language rely on several ways to communicate clearly. They use hand signals, mouth the words, sign the ‘space’ they place people and objects in and move their bodies. Body language signs missing in text messages and emails I used to work as a school counsellor. Youngsters would frequently get into trouble with their friends - all too often they would try to restore the peace with by electronic messages of one kind or another. So, to get the point across I often demonstrated the many different meanings of just this sentence: "Where were you last night?" Try it for yourself shifting the emphasis to different words. Whilst we’re on the subject of caution - when you’re reading about body language signs, remind yourself of any texts or emails you have sent recently. How would the meaning of that text or email have changed if you had 'said' it with a smile or with a cheeky sense of humour? What would it have meant if you said it in an angry voice, still using the same words? How would it have sounded in a gently challenging tone of voice, or if you had delivered in a 'straight to the point- no nonsense' kind of way? The meaning of a face-to-face communication depends to a large extend on your body language and how you use your voice. You do have control over your part of the ‘electronic’ communication… but the receiver may read your message in a way you did not intend! Bearing this in mind, why not go back over some of your recent messages, just out of interest. Have a look at my page on how to write romantic text messages too. What does your face say about you? Your face communicates a great deal about how you're feeling... and often you might not even be aware of the signs you're giving off. To further understand body language, join me in Part 2 - where there's also a fascinating video that explores just what your face might be saying... It can be tricky to understand body language - but I hope my tips and advice here will help you to get started. This is the second part of this article, so do make sure you have a look at the Body Language Signs in Part 1 before you carry on here. All about the head, face and neck Here's a list of all the body language signs you might want to take notice of. They are within your field of vision when you’re having a conversation: General movement in facial muscles - involuntary or deliberate, for example grimacing, twitching, smiling or frowning. Lifting or dropping of the eyebrows may indicate surprise, questioning, wondering or disbelief. Frowning - it can mean: discomfort, physical pain (why exactly at that moment, you might ask yourself or indeed your partner), anger, suspicion or listening intently Smiling – but notice which facial muscles are moving. Is it a real smile that involves all the facial muscles? An artificial smile would involve only the muscles around the mouth. It leaves no trace of any pleasure and it could be an attempt to hide displeasure, disagreement and/or discomfort. Nodding - this can mean all kinds of things. It could simply be an encouragement for you to say more, or an agreement. It could also be masking negative feelings, even though you might think it implies agreement. It could even be an automatic movement - implying 'I am listening', but the listener has really switched off. Eye contact and movement of the eyes - avoiding your gaze at one end of the scale and staring at the other. Both could mean the same: "I am uncomfortable, but I don't want to let on". Looking away can be a way of discouraging communication. It’s well-known, though, that couples in love maintain eye contact for longer than average. We all know about the lifting of eyes to the ceiling too: "Oh for goodness sake" - usually with along with a bit of 'tutting' Winking – which is sometimes hardly noticeable. Winking may simply be a habit someone has developed to communicate comfort or kindness. It can also mean "you and I know what’s going on" or "I like you" Size of the pupils - abnormally large may mean shock or absolute terror. It can also be associated with medication or drug use Neck – you’ll see someone swallowing when they are anxious. What you can't see is that it’s because their mouth is dry. When someone is feeling uncomfortable they may stroke their neck to soothe themselves. Covering the windpipe can be seen as a defensive movement, implying protection of the self Studies have shown that sleep deprivation reduces facial expressiveness, even though there is no reduction in emotions felt*. Just think about what any lack of such important body language signs can have on personal relationships. Lust or love - what your face says about you Here’s a video clip of an interview with biological anthropologist Dr Helen Fisher. Helen is an adviser for Chemistry.com and is the author of the book: "Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love" Signs of physical attraction There are other body language signs displayed by people who are physically attracted to someone: Lips become engorged when someone is sexually aroused, making kissing all that more pleasurable. Sitting across from a woman who is playing with her mouth and licking her lips? You may be in luck. If she’s moving her head closer to you, perhaps tilting her head, you’ve had sufficient body language signs to know that she is physically attracted to you, and to have a chance of kissing her! Couples in love scan each other's faces more. Couples also maintain eye contact for longer as they are attracted to each other. Gazing into each other's eyes is desired, whereas in other circumstances that would feel intrusive. Couples in love act as a team and their body movements are often synchronised – much like a dance Once committed, their bodies are often intertwined - their arms wrapped around each other, legs over each other - whatever they feel they can get away with! Early on, they may 'accidentally' touch each other, reducing their interpersonal space for someone they feel physically attracted to. Paradoxically, early on they may actually avoid looking at each other or touching each other so as not to give away how much they think of the other. Helen Fisher's book, "Why We Love" is one of my favourites, as she backs up all that detail about chemistry between two individuals with a scientific explanation. It’s fascinating read. Actually, so is "Why Him, Why Her". Do check them out! It also struck me recently that the body language portrayed in some music videos overemphasises what tends to happen naturally in a relationship. I wonder to what extent that shapes the viewers’ perceptions and expectations of communication. In particular children, who are perhaps more impressionable and are frequently exposed to raunchy music videos. Want to improve your emotional intelligence? My Pro-list of Emotions and Feelings will help. Subconscious body language signs So much of the way we communicate is given away by subconscious body language cues - Part 3 takes a look at these, so hop over there now to find out more!