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Facial Action Coding System From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Muscles of head and neck. Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a system to taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face, based on a system originally developed by a Swedish anatomist named Carl-Herman Hjortsjö.[1] It was later adopted by Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Friesen, and published in 1978.[2] Ekman, Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager published a significant update to FACS in 2002.[3] Movements of individual facial muscles are encoded by FACS from slight different instant changes in facial appearance.[4] It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, and it has proven useful to psychologists and to animators. Due to subjectivity and time consumption issues, FACS has been established as a computed automated system that detects faces in videos, extracts the geometrical features of the faces, and then produces temporal profiles of each facial movement.[4] Contents 1 Uses 2 Codes for Action Units 2.1 Intensity Scoring 2.2 List of Action Units and Action Descriptors (with underlying facial muscles) 2.2.1 Main Codes 2.2.2 Head Movement Codes 2.2.3 Eye Movement Codes 2.2.4 Visibility Codes 2.2.5 Gross Behavior Codes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Uses Using FACS,[5] human coders can manually code nearly any anatomically possible facial expression, deconstructing it into the specific Action Units (AU) and their temporal segments that produced the expression. As AUs are independent of any interpretation, they can be used for any higher order decision making process including recognition of basic emotions, or pre-programmed commands for an ambient intelligent environment. The FACS Manual is over 500 pages in length and provides the AUs, as well as Ekman's interpretation of their meaning. FACS defines AUs, which are a contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. It also defines a number of Action Descriptors, which differ from AUs in that the authors of FACS have not specified the muscular basis for the action and have not distinguished specific behaviors as precisely as they have for the AUs. For example, FACS can be used to distinguish two types of smiles as follows:[6] Insincere and voluntary Pan-Am smile: contraction of zygomatic major alone Sincere and involuntary Duchenne smile: contraction of zygomatic major and inferior part of orbicularis oculi. Although the labeling of expressions currently requires trained experts, researchers have had some success in using computers to automatically identify FACS codes, and thus quickly identify emotions.[7] Computer graphical face models, such as CANDIDE or Artnatomy, allow expressions to be artificially posed by setting the desired action units. The use of FACS has been proposed for use in the analysis of depression,[8] and the measurement of pain in patients unable to express themselves verbally.[9] FACS is designed to be self-instructional. People can learn the technique from a number of sources including manuals and workshops,[10] and obtain certification through testing.[11] The original FACS has been modified to analyze facial movements in several non-human primates, namely chimpanzees,[12] rhesus macaques,[13] gibbons and siamangs,[14] and orangutans.[15] More recently, it was adapted for a domestic species, the dog.[16] Thus, FACS can be used to compare facial repertoires across species due to its anatomical basis. A study conducted by Vick and others (2006) suggests that FACS can be modified by taking differences in underlying morphology into account. Such considerations enable a comparison of the homologous facial movements present in humans and chimpanzees, to show that the facial expressions of both species result from extremely notable appearance changes. The development of FACS tools for different species allows the objective and anatomical study of facial expressions in communicative and emotional contexts. Furthermore, a cross-species analysis of facial expressions can help to answer interesting questions, such as which emotions are uniquely human.[17] EMFACS (Emotional Facial Action Coding System)[18] and FACSAID (Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary)[19] consider only emotion-related facial actions. Examples of these are: Emotion Action Units Happiness 6+12 Sadness 1+4+15 Surprise 1+2+5B+26 Fear 1+2+4+5+7+20+26 Anger 4+5+7+23 Disgust 9+15+16 Contempt R12A+R14A Codes for Action Units See also: List of muscles in the human body § The muscles of the head For clarification, FACS is an index of facial expressions, but does not actually provide any bio-mechanical information about the degree of muscle activation. Though muscle activation is not part of FACS, the main muscles involved in the facial expression have been added here for the benefit of the reader. Action Units (AUs) are the fundamental actions of individual muscles or groups of muscles. Action Descriptors (ADs) are unitary movements that may involve the actions of several muscle groups (e.g., a forward‐thrusting movement of the jaw). The muscular basis for these actions hasn't been specified and specific behaviors haven't been distinguished as precisely as for the AUs. For most accurate annotation, FACS suggests agreement from at least two independent certified FACS encoders. Intensity Scoring Intensities of FACS are annotated by appending letters A–E (for minimal-maximal intensity) to the Action Unit number (e.g. AU 1A is the weakest trace of AU 1 and AU 1E is the maximum intensity possible for the individual person). A Trace B Slight C Marked or Pronounced D Severe or Extreme E Maximum List of Action Units and Action Descriptors (with underlying facial muscles) Main Codes AU Number FACS Name Muscular Basis 0 Neutral face 1 Inner Brow Raiser frontalis (pars medialis) 2 Outer Brow Raiser frontalis (pars lateralis) 4 Brow Lowerer depressor glabellae, depressor supercilii, corrugator supercilii 5 Upper Lid Raiser levator palpebrae superioris, superior tarsal muscle 6 Cheek Raiser orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis) 7 Lid Tightener orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) 8 Lips Toward Each Other orbicularis oris 9 Nose Wrinkler levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 10 Upper Lip Raiser levator labii superioris, caput infraorbitalis 11 Nasolabial Deepener zygomaticus minor 12 Lip Corner Puller zygomaticus major 13 Sharp Lip Puller levator anguli oris (also known as caninus) 14 Dimpler buccinator 15 Lip Corner Depressor depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis) 16 Lower Lip Depressor depressor labii inferioris 17 Chin Raiser mentalis 18 Lip Pucker incisivii labii superioris and incisivii labii inferioris 19 Tongue Show 20 Lip Stretcher risorius w/ platysma 21 Neck Tightener platysma 22 Lip Funneler orbicularis oris 23 Lip Tightener orbicularis oris 24 Lip Pressor orbicularis oris 25 Lips Part depressor labii inferioris, or relaxation of mentalis or orbicularis oris 26 Jaw Drop masseter; relaxed temporalis and internal pterygoid 27 Mouth Stretch pterygoids, digastric 28 Lip Suck orbicularis oris 29 Jaw Thrust 30 Jaw Sideways 31 Jaw Clencher masseter 32 [Lip] Bite 33 [Cheek] Blow 34 [Cheek] Puff 35 [Cheek] Suck 36 [Tongue] Bulge 37 Lip Wipe 38 Nostril Dilator nasalis (pars alaris) 39 Nostril Compressor nasalis (pars transversa) and depressor septi nasi 41 Glabella Lowerer Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor glabellae (aka procerus) 42 Inner Eyebrow Lowerer Separate Strand of AU 4: depressor supercilii 43 Eyes Closed Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris 44 Eyebrow Gatherer Separate Strand of AU 4: corrugator supercilli 45 Blink Relaxation of levator palpebrae superioris; contraction of orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis) 46 Wink orbicularis oculi Head Movement Codes AU Number FACS Name Action 51 Head Turn Left 52 Head Turn Right 53 Head Up 54 Head Down 55 Head Tilt Left M55 Head Tilt Left The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the left. 56 Head Tilt Right M56 Head Tilt Right The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a head tilt to the right. 57 Head Forward M57 Head Thrust Forward The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a head thrust forward. 58 Head Back M59 Head Shake Up and Down The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by an up-down head shake (nod). M60 Head Shake Side to Side The onset of 17+24 is immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by a side to side head shake. M83 Head Upward and to the Side The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the head, upward and turned and/or tilted to either the left or right. Eye Movement Codes AU Number FACS Name Action 61 Eyes Turn Left M61 Eyes Left The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the left. 62 Eyes Turn Right M62 Eyes Right The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by eye movement to the right. 63 Eyes Up 64 Eyes Down 65 Walleye 66 Cross-eye M68 Upward Rolling of Eyes The onset of the symmetrical 14 is immediately preceded or accompanied by an upward rolling of the eyes. 69 Eyes Positioned to Look at Other Person The 4, 5, or 7, alone or in combination, occurs while the eye position is fixed on the other person in the conversation. M69 Head and/or Eyes Look at Other Person The onset of the symmetrical 14 or AUs 4, 5, and 7, alone or in combination, is immediately preceded or accompanied by a movement of the eyes or of the head and eyes to look at the other person in the conversation. Visibility Codes AU Number FACS Name 70 Brows and forehead not visible 71 Eyes not visible 72 Lower face not visible 73 Entire face not visible 74 Unscorable Gross Behavior Codes These codes are reserved for recording information about gross behaviors that may be relevant to the facial actions that are scored. AU Number FACS Name 40 Sniff 50 Speech 80 Swallow 81 Chewing 82 Shoulder shrug 84 Head shake back and forth 85 Head nod up and down 91 Flash 92 Partial flash 97* Shiver/Tremble 98* Fast up-down look See also Microexpression Facial feedback hypothesis Facial electromyography Computer facial animation Facial muscles Computer processing of body language References Hjortsjö, CH (1969). "Man's face and mimic language". P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, 1978. Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, and Joseph C. Hager. Facial Action Coding System: The Manual on CD ROM. A Human Face, Salt Lake City, 2002. Hamm, J.; Kohler, C. G.; Gur, R. C.; Verma, R. (2011). "Automated Facial Action Coding System for dynamic analysis of facial expressions in neuropsychiatric disorders". Journal of Neuroscience Methods 200 (2): 237–256. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.06.023. PMC 3402717. PMID 21741407. edit Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2012). Microexpression and macroexpression. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 173–183). Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375000-6 Del Giudice, M.; Colle, L. (2007). "Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles". Developmental Psychology 43 (3): 796–803. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.796. PMID 17484588. edit Facial Action Coding System. Retrieved July 21, 2007. Reed, L. I.; Sayette, M. A.; Cohn, J. F. (2007). "Impact of depression on response to comedy: A dynamic facial coding analysis". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116 (4): 804–809. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.804. PMID 18020726. edit Lints-Martindale, A. C.; Hadjistavropoulos, T.; Barber, B.; Gibson, S. J. (2007). "A Psychophysical Investigation of the Facial Action Coding System as an Index of Pain Variability among Older Adults with and without Alzheimer's Disease". Pain Medicine 8 (8): 678–689. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00358.x. PMID 18028046. edit http://www.erikarosenberg.com/FACS.html Example and web site of one teaching professional: Erika L. Rosenberg, Ph.D http://www.face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/fft.jsp Parr, L. A.; Waller, B. M.; Vick, S. J.; Bard, K. A. (2007). "Classifying chimpanzee facial expressions using muscle action". Emotion 7 (1): 172–181. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.172. PMC 2826116. PMID 17352572. edit Parr, L. A.; Waller, B. M.; Burrows, A. M.; Gothard, K. M.; Vick, S. J. (2010). "Brief communication: MaqFACS: A muscle-based facial movement coding system for the rhesus macaque". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 143 (4): 625–630. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21401. PMC 2988871. PMID 20872742. edit Waller, B. M.; Lembeck, M.; Kuchenbuch, P.; Burrows, A. M.; Liebal, K. (2012). "GibbonFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Hylobatids". International Journal of Primatology 33 (4): 809. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9611-6. edit Caeiro, C. T. C.; Waller, B. M.; Zimmermann, E.; Burrows, A. M.; Davila-Ross, M. (2012). "OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (Pongo spp.)". International Journal of Primatology 34: 115. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9652-x. edit Waller, B. M.; Peirce, K.; Caeiro, C. C.; Scheider, L.; Burrows, A. M.; McCune, S.; Kaminski, J. (2013). "Paedomorphic Facial Expressions Give Dogs a Selective Advantage". PLoS ONE 8 (12): e82686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082686. PMC 3873274. PMID 24386109. edit Vick, S. J.; Waller, B. M.; Parr, L. A.; Smith Pasqualini, M. C.; Bard, K. A. (2006). "A Cross-species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 31 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0017-z. PMC 3008553. PMID 21188285. edit Friesen, W.; Ekman, P. (1983). EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System. Unpublished manual, University of California, California. http://www.face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facsaid/description.jsp Facial Action Coding System Affect Interpretation Dictionary (FACSAID) External links Paul Ekman's articles relating to FACS FACS Overview (accessed 21 February 2011) Sample of FACS Manual (accessed 21 February 2011) More information on the ChimpFACS project More information on the MaqFACS project More information on the GibbonFACS project More information on the OrangFACS project More information on the DogFACS project New Yorker article discussing FACS Details from 1978 edition of FACS Site at WPI Categories: Facial expressions Encodings Anatomical simulation Animal communication Navigation menu Create account Log in Article Talk