When we think of relationships right words come from passion, love, desire, and because no sex! The love and passion were the basic elements for a life together, having that feeling was enough that they really were "happily ever after," so where is the passion now and especially love?
To help answer this question was one about relationships, after all, think, believe and even assuming no quantitative data is easy, the difficulty is present by sampling the data obtained, this research sought to understand what people want in relationships today, in an attempt to demystify some myths that guide the company when the theme is relationships.
Research conducted with the collaboration of several people, they answered questionnaires with open and closed, the people of various religions, genders, ages, and especially regions. The main objective was to try to delineate a profile of an ideal relationship or goal; among one of the key figures that were observed in the survey is that sincerity is nowadays increasingly demanded, among many more try to deceive, betray and deceive mainly, people look for sincerity, sincere relationships they want.
The lie was something clearly mentioned in the survey, voluntarily, because to be honest walking as opposed to lie, also mentioned that the worst thing in a relationship or even an attitude would be unforgivable betrayal, sincerity, no lying and mostly without treason, after 80% of people believe that is an unforgivable act. Beyond smiles and humility, charisma, be affectionate and even humorous is important for a healthy relationship.
In examining the question of treason there is insecurity in society and at the same time their rigidity, given that among the data may be mentioned that 60% of people believe they have been betrayed ever, 95% of people mention that there forgive a betrayal, even believing that have already been betrayed. If they were sure they would not forgive this act of infidelity, it is now important to draw attention, even with alarming statistics of divorce, infidelity, people look for someone faithful allegiance to this to be achieved in physical and must be achieved in virtual space, once 83% believe that infidelity is virtual treason, as in physical contact. Almost all respondents can identify when the partner is lying; satisfaction in the category 84% of people would like to receive more praise or even present, in other words they want to receive recognition for their dedication in the relationship.
It was asking people if they believe that to begin a relationship just to have love, about 60% of people think that want to start a relationship you do not need love, more than half curiously not invest in a relationship beyond the feeling people were not a stable life, professionally stabilized and so on.
Ultimately people do not believe that love is eternal in a relationship, as mentioned in several books about relationships, people believe that the most important relationship is respect, because he is always accompanied by sincerity, loyalty and affection.
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
historian, teacher, writer and researcher
http://www.marcostadeucardoso.blogspot.com
Phone: 05538 3223-5534 / 05538 9804-6580
domingo, 29 de maio de 2011
quinta-feira, 26 de maio de 2011
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
Historian, writer, teacher and researcher.
Contact: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br
http://www.marcostadeucardoso.blogspot.com
Invite him to give lectures in their city.
Body Language
In 2008, Marcos Tadeu C. conducted an informal survey at a University of Minas Gerais, where they were surveyed people of different religions, and educational levels. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire (with 23 questions) and people from 10 different cities in São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Sergipe and Rio Grande do Sul, where 30% of respondents were male, and 70% women; aged between 16 and 48 years, chosen randomly.
Among the results:
It was identified that 50% of people believe that the first impression is made in body language, 80% understand that gestures are conscious and unconscious, and only 70% heard about it, 100% of people surveyed believe the body language influences conquest. Of these, 50% believe it is extremely important.
Research conducted by Marcos Tadeu Cardoso (2008), showed that 60% of respondents believe that the worst act that a person of the opposite sex can do is scratch my genitals. Forget to make this gesture.
For 60% of people surveyed, cross your arms is a negative signal related to boredom, tiredness and lack of interest, and 20% of them acknowledge that they use this gesture when they are dissatisfied with lectures, classes, chats etc..
For 40% of the smile is the best move that a person can use to conquer it, and smiles when 10% are "akin to someone." Of those questioned, 90% use the gaze as a way to express interest in the opposite sex, of those, 60% and 30% look hard look little, 50% think that this is the best move that a person can use to conquer it, 90% believe that the body speaks, this language being conscious and unconscious. The research also demonstrated that the interpretation of gestures does not change according to sex.
The body language of couples in bed
How a couple sleep can be considered a barometer of relationship for it to lie in bed with your partner, body posture reveals the level of interest in the other. However it is important to note that a negative sign in one night, the couple can not lead to ruin. What should always be understood in that body language is the set of gestures, several nights in a row does reinforce the idea of bonding or spacing between the couple. One must remember that when it comes to body language, in most cases this is conceptualized as unconscious.
When a person is holding the body of a reading partner or friend, should be taken into account emotional factors and even climate. This is due to the fact that the couple is hot, want to spend the night holding each other, or others would further increase the feeling of "warmth". If one partner is sad that adverse factors, but this may interfere with the relationship, which would result in a change in body language partners.
Other gestures must be seen in body language, such as the posture of the hands, where they are placed, the position of the feet, where they are indicating, the smile, as he's done, it is a forced smile or sincere, as is given the embrace meetings, etc.. All this leads to an understanding of each other and understanding of science leads you to maximize your chances in interpersonal relationships. Thus, conducting a thorough reading of the entire set of gestures would be ideal to meet the couple.
Embrace and traditional insurance: This typical behavior when going to sleep is the same as saying, "we complete each other," or we fit, we were made for each other. A sign of safety and rapport between the couple. It should be noted that both have the same body posture. The man's hand lightly placed on the woman signals that it wants to connect but do not force it.
Couple on honeymoon: Through a series of gestures the couple reinforces the idea that she is on honeymoon, when they demonstrate they want to stay enroscadinho or even looking each other. What reinforces this interpretation is the act of a woman embracing the man, with a slight tilt of the chin, as if the man even closer, the man's hand pulling away slightly, with the inclination of women reinforces the idea that he around and she wants to also embrace a typical honeymoon.
Being around is better: This set of gestures that show the link or the harmony between the couple is the best you want or seek, as the position of the two union can demonstrate a safe and stable. But if you look at the abdominal region is detached, unconsciously demonstrates a lack of sexual interest, at least at that time. Another indicator is how they cover with a sheet, as if to cover the private parts.
Couple strongly united and safe: Typical behavior of stable, his wife's hand over the man's chest, hugging him, heads together, and show closer union. This attitude may indicate a further sign of the possessive woman, and put his hand on the man's chest, placing her leg in an attempt to reinforce the idea that the man wants. But the man when he touches her hand on her elbow and holding his right arm, means she is it. This is a sign that the couple is strongly united and intimate.
Beware the Hand: A woman's body tilted to the opposite side of the man, accompanied by a slight tilt of his head as if to demonstrate that women want to stay in your corner, ie, away from the man. Since the man's hand to bend the body to the woman, accompanied by a tilt of the head demonstrates attention to it. How to keep a distance, it can portray that he is linked with it, but want certain distance or freedom. Depending on the position of the hand, may indicate that he wants away from the woman, how can indicate that he wants to make sure that it is present in the bed. Sure sign of insecurity.
Struggle for space on the bed: this attitude is common in regions where the heat is more intense, or even by other factors. One of the obvious indications that the couple is fighting for space in bed, the woman's hand under the man as if she wanted to gain more space. The firmness with which it positions itself reinforces the idea that "it is there and no one takes away." This is also demonstrated by the way she is lying, for example, the way her legs. If open, underscores the desire for one or more space, since the position of man show that is in your space and does not open his hand, finds himself on the pillow and keeps the elbow as if to seek or maintain their personal space.
Insecure woman: In this position the woman shows that have or seek to have possession of man, but since the man is in the opposite direction, with a slight tilt to the opposite of women reinforces the idea of searching for your personal space. However, if the woman's arm strength is printing to keep the man, however much they want to demonstrate this personal space, he accepts the woman's search when "holding" the partner's arm, or he is not jealous or insecure and . As much as you uncomfortable he accepts his position of women.
Look at the "C" double: We are close, but every one in your area. The butts attached saying "we are close, but each one in its place." Links between the couple who can demonstrate tranquility, security.
Mature plummets into the abyss: If you look you will see that it is the "c" double demonstrating the opposite. It is the distancing of the couple in bed, each in his own hand and in your space. This attitude demonstrates a certain distance in bed. Apparent indication of "marriage crisis" if the distance between the couple persists.
Crab Man: Position questionable, since the position of man appears to a night of partying, changed his clothes and could not even lie in bed, or slept, I was tired and could not even lie. As for the woman demonstrates a similar position.
Body Language of Babies
When it comes to body language we think of relationships between couples, at work ... but one of the principles of communication arises when a baby or child coming into adulthood. Understand how babies communicate is a factor in its own interest not only to parents, but particularly for society in general, since every society live with this principle.
The body language of babies is an obvious factor. The same leads those interested to understand or identify the desires, wishes and needs of even the small ones. One of the basic elements of Body Language for Babies is the personal space of the same. If adulthood is no such space in the baby's life also exists. When space is violated or the baby must have changed his consent, since the babies understand the communication of adults, as indicated by recent surveys.
This language of babies can be done through the whispers, cries and even a set of gestures. It is noteworthy that this is the only form of language of the baby. In relation to crying, you should always remember that this is a solicitation or request different baby. Therefore it will be posted a set of gestures baby to further enrich the reader's knowledge about the Body Language of them.
It should be noted that even if the body language of an adult there can be no generalizations, it is when it comes to babies, since the set of gestures is to enrich the understanding of language held by them. As mentioned, even the baby's personal space should be respected. I remember a niece, who as a kid every time a person is "foreign to her," cried she approached, he turned his face in an attempt to hide the person. But this set of gestures was not easily interpreted at the time, which only came to light when it grew a little more. In this case, followed the cries to turn away when a stranger approaches may be an indication that the child does not feel comfortable.
When the child is tired:
In case of fatigue the baby can perform the following body language: You can start with a wink and yawn. Should it not be placed in a cot or even a place to lie down, he may end up leaning back, start kicking and beating even the arms. If fatigue is intense for the baby, it can perform a set of gestures "auto-aggressive", for example, grab your cheeks scratching his own face. One of the latest gestures may be flushing of the face of it.
The baby is having gas or pain:
When the baby is having gas or is in pain, body language can be perceived their knees touching the chin itself. In this case, we can see some squirming in the face of the baby as a result of their pain. Finally, the language of the baby itself may curl upward.
When the baby is hungry:
When will you make the reading a person's body should observe the entire set of gestures. Thus minimize the chance of making a wrong reading. In the case of hungry baby which can be observed is that he can put his tongue to the outside of the mouth in an attempt to moisten the lips, which may be followed by turning the head sideways and trying to put their hand mouth.
Body Language in Job Interview
When you are invited to attend a job interview, in most cases, we are taken by a feeling of doubt and insecurity. How to act? What to do? These are questions that can really make a difference in time to go through a selection.
Body language can influence the job interview? A recent survey of several HR consultants points to Body Language as a determinant in selecting people to fill a vacant position. Interestingly in this regard is that, when asked the consultants if they have observed an attitude or set of inadequate gestures that led them to eliminate a candidate all said yes, and claiming that have gone through this situation.
Among the possible signs that can compromise the outcome of an interview, pointed out by human resource consultants are: constantly banging their feet and or hands, sit back, scratch your nose, talk about pointing the finger. Also mention that too move your head or eyes, stay with the body "dropped" in the chair, move your arms too, look at the clock too, as if in a hurry to finish the interview standing up and sitting all the time while waiting , picking up the phone as if expecting a call at that hour, which would be inappropriate at the time of the interview.
These are all signs that can actually undermine the credibility of the interviewee. The ideal is to maximize the chances of being selected, using other more appropriate posture.
Among the positive characteristics that a candidate may in the category Body Language quoted by some companies is focused gaze, an audible voice, smile and show interest. There is no way to determine a set of actions which will lead to 100% of a candidate, but an attitude that will enhance the chances of it being approved by the company in the category Body Language can be indicated. Ahead of this were highlighted possible positions of a candidate for job openings in an interview, and approved unanimously.
The candidate after being called, enters the room, look the interviewer quickly and gives a quiet smile of friendliness and compliments (only extend a hand to greet the interviewer if you do), at which point the candidate looks for the environment (gives a peek into the room, believing that instant the picker will look more relaxed) after being invited to sit, he sits, does not cross their arms, looking calmly at the interviewer, is not even swinging the chair or feet; positions the arms on the chair without printing strength.
OBS.: Some of the companies surveyed believe that the candidate is who should take the initiative and reach out to greet the interviewer, but I stress that that is how the interviewer is in a position of "power at that moment," the ideal is to wait the same initiative.
Body language contextualized in public speaking
A good speaker knows what his listeners want, without letting them say a word. In this context we need the basic understanding of body language of the listeners, their gestures, postures, etc..
The body faithfully demonstrates its state, revealing the hidden instinct or conscious of the human mind. In this way allows the wishes and feelings are located in the secret of the soul can be revealed by who has the knowledge of body language. The term "body language" is also commonly understood as "non-verbal language." Even in a lecture where the "speech" is broadcast by the speaker, the audience also communicates, even in silence, the speaker says it all cleared.
To give a good impression to the public speaker should keep an upright posture, with hands located in the region of the nest of gestures. " The speaker should keep in mind that gestures are from the center out, should be neither low nor from above but from the center out. He should also bear in mind that the hands are gesturing or below the waist or above your head. These gestures are "disharmonious" usually contribute to a negative effect of the presentation. The speaker must have a smooth gesture, without making use of "sudden gestures, after all he is not there to mimic but to convey a message to a specific audience.
Yet when it comes to gestures, to be invited to address the audience the speaker must 'look' for the same rise as soon as the gallery or the pulpit. To look at all these techniques are effective, they end up giving the impression that everyone is being watched by the speaker, should remember that the audience does not feel the speaker look, this rarely look for it.
Tip: It is common in the courses that I teach public speaking, hearing of the gifts that they are geared enough to gesture, something unusual or even counter-intuitive, as it can lead to excessive gesticulation listeners to turn off the message content and remain "vigilant" only exacerbated the gestures.
What to do with your hands
A major concern of the speaker are the hands, usually because he feels full of hands. One way to alleviate the discomfort is to try to hide them behind his back, supporting them on any mobile or holding an object. People often have difficulties to do with the hands, often put in the pockets, the back, scratch your nose, cross their arms and place their hands on the genitals, and gesture even bizarre. A feeling that he is full of hands or fingers full of panic, leading him to make gestures that are mostly comic. You should understand that those most commonly observed by the audience on the speaker are the eyes and hands. Usually people look at everything, but these are the main regions that are observed. Regarding the hands, the best posture that a speaker can adopt is suggested here as a more plausible alternative.
We recommend that the speaker keep a hand on the other, the position should not be to who is pleading for mercy from the audience, the left hand should be palm facing upward, and horizontally, as if to balance a full glass of water. The right hand should grab the thumb of his left hand between the forefinger and thumb.
The elbows should be at right angles. Therefore, hands will be placed exactly at the time of the stomach, if fallen through letting them demonstrate a lack of energy, too high can cover his face. The region of the stomach is considered the "nest of gestures." You must understand that certain gestures are inappropriate for a speaker, then it is up to even assess the environment and observe what is relevant so that it can adopt and what to leave out.
An established public perceives the speaker's emotional state through the hands. When they are shaky indicates nervousness; hands tucked indicate fear, state of defense. You should keep your hands quiet, without exaggerating gestures. The hype could attract the audience's attention to the hands and not for the content of the lecture. These and other factors should be the focus of attention of the speaker.
Technical and art are elements that allow to discover the best way to do anything and that means turning into a habit.
The Speaker should speak with their eyes
The Speaker should speak with their eyes. The most instantaneous communications is the look. Before speaking lips, eyes certainly have said something. The look is the mirror of the soul of the speaker. The first thing you should do when the speaker addressing the audience is looking at it, facing the auditorium is the first act of communication with listeners. This look should be followed in early:
"_ I am happy to be in the company of gentlemen !..."
To which the speaker looks to be there, among soon, looking around the auditorium. Even if the speaker looking at the ground, all look well. When an event happens in place, like a child crying, for example, it is interesting that the speaker acts as if nothing was happening. Should look elsewhere, because if he looks at the child, everyone will look at it too. We leave here a recommendation to the speaker: "Be careful where you look when you talk! Everyone notices what is attracting the attention of the speaker. "
Technique to look at all these
To ease the speakers will explain how one should look at an audience. It is interesting to divide the audience into four parts, and look at all sides. This will give those present the notion of being observed by the speaker, another technique is to look at the last row, because usually when you look at the last row conveys the notion that everyone is being looked at.
To some experts, when the speaker speaks only to the last row, will be speaking for the entire audience, but when he speaks only for the first row, just talk to her.
When someone is in the audience persisted in disturbing the lecture is interesting to look urgently to the person. This gesture to deter, and certainly will give her evidence to stop the harassment. When the speaker can not look into the eyes of a person for a long time, and that's important, what he can do is just look at an individual's eye. This will give a major condition so he can keep looking in person.
How to read body of the audience
A good speaker can read the audience, even if that does not say a word, he should be able to make reading the present through the posture of each. Able to do this the speaker know how to string a subject or even when changing.
One of the maxims of body language is to capture the emotional state of someone, just listening to what he says, watching his gestures and behavior at that particular moment. A well presented, with appropriate gestures groups and their good looks can bring exceptional results.
Three basic rules will allow a good reading of the gestures: the first is to read the gestures in groups, after all if a person scratching their heads may represent doubt, lie, or simply forgetting dandruff. If the speaker makes a gesture of reading without considering the group of them, can make mistakes, the second rule is to keep an eye on consistency, one can say something and hide the truth through words, but not the body language and mind she can show that there is something wrong, a third tip is to look at the context, since a person with arms crossed and chin down can mean a defensive position, but may also mean that he is cold. So stay tuned to these three basic rules can make life easier for the speaker at reading body of his audience. Applying the techniques of body language dictionary placed in these three basic rules that will facilitate reading.
Research
What action do you think is most associated with achievement?
This research included 104 people, who actively participated in a survey proposed by the researcher Marcos Tadeu Cardoso and lasted over a year for completion. The unanimous opinion of the participants was that the first gesture is associated with the winning look. The votes and comments for 37% of respondents acknowledged that first glance may not always indicate interest, since "all with their visual skills can look normal." In this case it is worth noting that, technically, the look that shows interest is one that is usually more than three seconds, which would go beyond the need to "look" of a normal person.What can also be understood as a look of interest is the look more than threefold.
The second signal most votes with 23% approval of those surveyed, was the inclination toward another person. For people surveyed, when there is an interest from someone else, he needs to show it. One of the most obvious ways is to lean into it. This inclination may be the act of directing the feet, the spine or body. The latter would be the second highest expression of interest by the opposite sex presented by the survey.
The third most votes was tied with the fourth position. In both cases, with 17% of respondents indicated. They are the smile and the act of taking the hair. Whenever I go out searching for signs of body language and one of the most common in the act of flirting is to catch the hair. This is an unconscious act, but one of the most used. The woman or the man tends to pick up the hair and try to fix it in an attempt to present well to the opposite sex. In the case of a smile, when a person smiles at another, it clearly demonstrates that he is "shaken". This signal is commonly accompanied by a look down with a smile of a person "guilty."
Finally comes the famous wink. This indeed is a conscious signal, but when a person uses this gesture you are already accustomed to doing so. Thus it took the last place in the survey with approximately 4% of the vote.
When you go into a store and is in doubt, which must act to accomplish?
The research pointed gestures which indicate doubt about the customer within a store. This is a common question. Addressing a customer who is in a hurry and already knows what she wants, can be a fatal mistake. Even when not dealing with the client it is doubtful and "nervous" can be another mistake that will cost a "sermon." Ideally, the sellers know what are the signs of doubt the customer. 51 people were consulted over a period of six months. The data recorded here were independently compared and evaluated by staff and customers of a supermarket.
Importantly, to understand the Body Language is a differential element not only for relationships between couples, but especially for the sales and service in this context, something underscored by Linda Richardson (p. 34/36, 2006) to mention that the use of will lead to the same gap to reach the pinnacle of a successful salesperson, In such cases, maintaining eye contact and ears open for questions and doubts of the customer is essential, as well as confront the messages sent by body language with what is being said. Their questions demonstrate its ability to "read" the expressions and gestures (...). Use body language: listen with their eyes, not just with your ears. Read the body signals to understand how the client feels about any subject: confused, restless, motivated or disinterested.
In the survey, 70% of respondents reported that when they have doubts about where to get a product or price, details of a product etc.., Look at all sides. Why this sign? One reason is that since they are in doubt they must seek alternatives, and how best to achieve them is to look at all sides in trying to find them. So when a customer looks at all sides, as he searches for alternatives, knowing where a product is, values, details, details that at first he did not get why his attitude of looking to the sides.
The second most votes was the act of smiling ironically, with 11% of the vote. As they are swamped, and the employee is there to serve you do not have common sense, customer smiles. It is a feature it has. In his view this is a language that says the seller "will not you answer me?"
Ideally, before the client grin seller of this dissatisfaction can anticipate and answer your question. For more dissatisfied you are the customer, "he has common sense" will not direct their discontent to another seller who has no guilt.
In third place, beating his feet, with 9% of the vote. Taken as a sign of anxiety or even "impatience". It is as if he wanted to talk to the seller: "I'm hoping it will not receive me?"
Good seller before these negative signals, generates customer satisfaction before they think are dissatisfied. Both hit their feet, and grin are attempts to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the service, with the site etc..
In last place was the act of closing the face for the seller and other alternatives. Both with 3% when trying to find someone to meet, look at all sides, smiling ironically, stomping showing anxiety, the client had no choice but to frown and walk away or complain about the service. In one recent case, buy the product and never come back to that place or so.
It is a fact that people do not want a good service, a good salesman, a good product, a good husband, a good car ... They want the best, excellent in everything from medical care to a product. Thus, offering the best in service will attract even more customers.
Do you believe in body language?
This survey was conducted in order to verify the importance of body language for people, finding people's consciousness about the importance of it. As noted it was not biased, remaining from the beginning the scientific, even though it has been held informally. One of the questions addressed was the same: "Do you believe that the bodily signs say what people want to say, consciously or unconsciously?"
However, it is important to note that Body Language is composed mostly of unconscious signals.
For 68% of people surveyed, the belief in Body Language is real, they understand that it is part of human communication, whether consciously or unconsciously. What thus shows the need to acquire knowledge about the same. Already 28% of respondents to the belief in Body Language exists, but can not be generalized, while the belief in it must be based on reading and understanding books specialists.
However 1% of respondents do not believe and others believe 1%, but not the way it is placed. The research included a review of 189 people who were consulted during the two years. The same had comments of respondents.
Body Language in Relationships
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
Historian, writer, teacher and researcher.
Contact: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br
http://www.marcostadeucardoso.blogspot.com
Invite him to give lectures in their city.
In the first book that I put out, "The Body Language in Flirting and Relationships", the theme was focused on the relationships contextualized in flirting, since this will be saved in the first part of the feature dictionary. In the second part of the book will highlight those specific relationships, whether in oratory (relationships of the speaker and audience), sales (customer and vendor relationships), relationship of couples (focused on how couples sleep) job interview (postures as interviewer should act at that time) and other relationships and informal surveys that were conducted to give more substance to it.
When we think about how to get along well with our neighbors that immediately comes to mind in that it takes more than knowing how to speak well, talk well, but is able to understand the person with whom we interact. In this context, to master the Body Language is also having an area of major facets of communication.
To facilitate understanding of what actually is the Body Language is worth remembering that in the beginnings of communication gestures, expressions physiognomy dominated the communication, since the spoken language itself was not used with such skill as nowadays. With the evolution of communication, people were leaving to attend to the communication and body began to direct attention to spoken communication.
Have the mastery of techniques presented here only will enhance the ability to relate well with others, which ultimately directly influence the persuasiveness.
Viewed in this outbreak is the first step to understand the person with whom we spoke, I heard it properly, seek to be understood properly. Not always hear a good person, but even so we say "yes, I understand, proceed." Not always believe in one person and yet we say "I know who tells the truth, I trust you." What people do not always know is that even with lying words, the body, through gestures, speaks the truth.
How to find out this is a major focus, not only of society, the media, but especially the specialists. Given the data set, the job search allowance gives the reader not only to understand the Body Language, but to learn to relate in full and complete. Therefore, understanding the importance of Body Language is scientifically proven fact, or is it just self-help?
To answer this question is important to make mention of the data provided by the last book, which also are needed at present. Finally, we say that Body Language is recognized by researchers from NLP (neurolinguistic programming). The same group of researchers reported that 55% of human communication is made by the body language, 38% represent the voice and only 7% is the content of speech. Therefore it is crucial to the understanding of body language.
Now, for those who still have doubts about scientific research, it is worth mentioning the work and research of anthropologist Ray Birdwhistel. According to their research the content of speech corresponds to 35% of communication, and more than 65% of language is nonverbal. Add to research conducted by Consulting Cardoso, work for me: a group of all respondents believed that the Body Language influences in relationships, and 50% for the knowledge of it is of paramount importance. Given these data we understand that knowledge of Body Language is not only important but essential, since it corresponds to most of the communication.
We know that the body communicates. This is fact, we can not question. The communication demonstrates faithfully their state, their feelings, their relationship, since it reveals the conscious instinct, whether hidden or not. Thus, lets located in the secret desires of the human mind can be revealed who has the knowledge of body language. Body language must also understand the nonverbal language, another commonly used name. It is true that there are other aspects of non-verbal language, so we aim specifically to the Body Language.
So give special attention in this book for the gestures and body movements that make up the specific relationships discussed here. We reaffirm that the knowledge of these techniques will lead the reader to the apex of human communication.
You can not leave aside the observation that the understanding of body language should be accepted free of preconceived ideas, stereotypes and any models that contribute to a formulation of misconceptions. It should be noted also that a gesture should not be construed in isolation, because its meaning can be "understood" incorrectly. So to play a gesture consistently, one of the best ways is to analyze the set of gestures, analyze hands, but feet, look, smile, body position, the level of interest of the person. Since it is all part of a set of language (body language), one can not generalize, because even climatic factors can influence the body communication. A generalization may lead the reader to misunderstanding of the topic presented. The ideal is that it is aware of the tips presented in this work, and when interpreting a corporal observe the entire set of gestures that moment. Watch for the previous gestures facilitate the evaluation.
Remember that the body language signals are indicative and "extra lanes" and not only as signs of personality and communication. Even though the body reveals the secret of the human soul, we must understand that these "extra lanes" allied to the words will bring us understanding of a complete communication (gestures and words).
Body language is to be understood, that in examining a person scratching his nose, for example, this gesture can mean a lie, something misunderstood or even insecurity. But it also may mean a hassle as a mosquito that has settled on his nose. Understanding body language is to understand a word together with another, and then forming a sentence, if you consider an isolated gesture, you risk distorting the communication, understanding something wrongly.
Aim for a refined analysis, comprehensive, linked to details that is bound to lead you there is a real and solid definition. Another very important thing to mention is that most are unaware of gesture, which can lead to some disbelief at first, but after a more accurate understanding of the researcher observe the consistency of body language. This after a thorough and accurate reading.
The Body Language changes with regard to gender. When necessary we will make observations in this book. It is important to mention that recent studies found that the signs of woman's body language are also identified in humans.
During this work had to be careful to place the technical terms in plain language, aware that a theme like this is not directed to a limited audience, but especially to a diverse audience that is interested in understanding your child, spouse, Finally, who are interested in bringing this knowledge to your space, whether at home or at work. In this case, applying the analysis or presentation of a job interview, etc. contact the customer.
Feet
Look at the position of the feet should be a major focus, because the feet indicate where the main attention.
We can observe this by looking at where the feet are pointing, for example, if the person's feet are pointing at you while you talk, that means she is attentive to what you're talking about.
But if she's crossed legs you should be aware of which leg is down, because it indicates the direction of the person's attention.
If during a conversation the person is tapping your feet, it conveys the idea that discomfort or impatience ... Try changing the chat or attitude.
If you change it to chat and to tap their feet, try to pursue the issue because it must be enjoying the conversation, but if you changed the subject and she continues to beat the feet, because she did not like the chat.
Feet turned inward: this signal indicates that the person is turned inwards, or is uncomfortable, demonstrates that this time she is more introspective. The change of subject (since the subject is interesting it) will enable a more receptive.
The crossing of the legs: it may mean a negative point, which can translate the idea that it is closed or even to talk to you, anyway it is worth remembering that if she is with her legs crossed, you should be aware of other gestures.
The manner of walking: You knew how to walk reveals the personality of each person? Knowing this we see the need for a deepening in this area of study that irrefutably is almost unknown. Even for students of body language it is, for many times, overlooked. I believe that their understanding is of fundamental importance, so this study was presented in the book The Body Language in Relationships and dating.
Short steps: These when data show a person without much new, rickety and unwilling to live, or a person who does not have much to do. Are steps taken by those who walk on vacation constants.
Normal pace or step taken in time. These are steps taken by people who are in full maturity, people who are aware they are using time on time.
Quick steps: Performed by people who have a goal to achieve, determined to accomplish their goals, thus demonstrating a full physical vigor.
Hands
The hands have an enormous power developer, obviously accompanied by other gestures. They can really tell what the soul craves. " Some say that the hands reveal feelings, so we must be aware of the communication, a touch or even a handshake can mean many things, among them, "do not want to get involved" (weak handshake indicates that no or involvement).
There is a particular study that gives us an even greater understanding on their hands. It is the quirognomonia which was presented in full in The Body Language in Relationships and dating. Actually it is a detailed study of the shape of hands. Expanding on this study one can acquire knowledge that will be used in a dialogue. However we must emphasize that this is a pseudoscience, that is, a science that is not recognized by the academy. However your knowledge is of fundamental importance due to its proximity to practical results.
Paying attention to body language, especially the hands, is part of the differential leader and led, the weak and strong, the successful and unsuccessful, in winning this or any other interpersonal relationship.
So if the person you talk with a note that she shakes hands too, surely you are before someone anxious or nervous. At this moment this is the emotional state that is closest to your feelings. Remember that if the signal occurs along another gesture of extroversion it may indicate that the person is an extrovert in excess, but only if they come accompanied by another sign of extroversion.
But if the hand movements are limited or almost nonexistent, then the body language can mean that the person is mature, calm, a person who has a high emotional control.
People who are always looking for something to hold are insecure, nervous. Note that these are people who are always holding something and doing repetitive motions.
Have you noticed that there are people who have the habit of stroking pillows, teddy bears ... Generally these people are open to relationships, so this is also a sign of receptivity that must be considered.
The hand in the pocket serves to convey the idea that ... "There is something being hidden, try to find out." Hands in your pocket is a sign showing that the person is hiding their emotions or their feelings. Hide your hands has a clear meaning of not wanting to receive what others are offering. Another meaning is a possible show of timidity. So be aware of this bodily gesture. It may also mean that the person is homemade, private, who chooses to places with few people. Try something for her to take his hands from his pocket serves (ask her to hold something for a moment) since she does not realize that you are trying to leave something uncomfortable.
I remember one writer who used to speak in his writings that the hands are the portrait of the soul. I think he spoke the truth.
Stir in the hair: This gesture is associated with the acceptance of others. Usually people dress up for who they find attractive. We understand that the act of touching the hair is related to achievement, even claiming the excuse that heat. " The act of leaving the neck to show a gesture is very positive with regard to achievement. When a woman uses these gestures she is showing signs of readiness or that you're scoring positively.
Tip: the understanding of body language is vast, almost unfathomable, but we must have as a constant reflection, it is not just a language aware, but mostly unconscious.
Open hands, palms flat to each other, proves to be an action associated with sincerity and transparency, an unconscious gesture that when used causes us to have an intuition that something will be wrong.
The hand reveals whether the person is not accepting what you are saying or offering, Here's a benchmark: when you offer something for the person she should reach out to accept, just reach out (receiver) consciously or not A way to accept what the person (sender) is offering.
If talking with a person she touches, is likely to be willing to establish ties with you. In hypnotist often say that when you touch a person in a dialogue, you are preventing think (do a test, touch a person when you speak you will notice that she will be more attentive to what you are saying).
If hands are scratching your head with your finger (especially the forehead) may mean that the person is in doubt, perhaps due to something you're saying. It is worth asking if she is understanding, if you say you do not explain, if you say yes it is clearer to speak.
Hands in the mouth gives a sense that the person is startled, or hiding something he wanted to say. This gesture is also associated with a lie, so it's not good to use it. Is covered with negative meanings, its use can lead people to discredit what you're saying, consciously or not.
When you display a product or something to a person in your workplace, NEVER, point the finger (unless you need to show authority). It is best to show the product with the palm facing upward, as this would show a sign of friendliness.
Handshake, how to decipher it and apply it in a positive way? Here's a rule: when you shake the hand of a person never put a superior force that he put it, because if you put a force superior to him you can take it to understand (consciously or not) that you want to master it (consciously you can take it to a discomfort; unconsciously, can take you to a negative feeling associated with you). A strong handshake says: I am superior ... Weak handshake says: I'm shy or do not wish to get involved or I'm feeling weak ... Grip strength equal shows with equality. The vast majority of people like those who share the same desires. This is the kind of handshake that translates the message, 'I'm like you' ...
The handshake must be accompanied by a look into the eyes (look "sweet"), a smile and a slight tilt forward, as if his interest was in front of you (the person you are greeting.) This is the true fulfillment of the great conqueror.
Crossed hands (arms crossed): This is a major act that should not be done anywhere, except the one place you really want to demonstrate lack of interest or pleasure. This act leads to a slight decline in the uptake of messages and usually the wearer can not remember very well from lectures and studies. Want to learn how well their classes? Do not cross your arms because hinder their learning.
This gesture reflects the idea of lack of interest. When a person uses in a dialogue it is usually not so interested in the conversation. The ideal is to change the subject ...
Hands on the chin: This is a sign attached to the act of thinking. There are those who can not remember the sculpture where a man faces himself with his hand on his chin ... This is a representation of the act of thinking. So if, for example, you are an entrepreneur with him proposing ideas, and this is with hands on chin, remember that it is a sign that he is considering their proposals.
Note that this gesture that may be associated with a way to emphasize or enhance the interest the person has. Hands supporting the head ... A simple way to distinguish it from other gesture is that he will be accompanied by another gesture, or rather another sign of interest associated with it. This will be the key fact.
Hand serving as support for the chin: It translates the idea that the conversation is boring. This is a sign seen when the hand serves as a headrest, based on supporting his chin. Who uses it can be sleepy or be consciously or unconsciously conveying the idea that the conversation is boring, boring. The ideal is to change the subject by observing that the position was changed. If not the ideal is that you try to talk another day.
Hand in mouth: It refers to the meaning of a lie, lie when children usually take a hand in his mouth as if to hide something. A gesture associated with deceit and doubt.
Again I remind them that a gesture should not be interpreted alone, lest mistakes in the understanding of its meaning. So for there to be consistency of interpretation should analyze the set of gestures. Analyze your hands but also feet, eyes, smile, body position, gestures and all micro gestures because they are all part of body language.
Smiles
Smiles, who never had or seen? Actually this is a gesture that brings us to "understand" who is really happy, satisfied or happy. So, how to understand myriad of smiles that are given. To decipher these smiles must first understand a rule about them - although they are quite similar they are not "all alike." Like most people generally think they always have a differential emotional state to emotional state. Sometimes differences are almost imperceptible.
Smiles to customers increases their ability to influence, because when you laugh you unlock the field of defense, facilitating its power of persuasion. Soon their sales will be enhanced, since its influence is high.
It is noticeable that people who laugh more live lives free of stress, and the smile strengthen your immune system, making the likelihood of acquiring diseases. Research conducted from the 80's led doctors to believe that humor increases the longevity of people.
Natural Smiles: One of the characteristics of that smile is that when he is given some results from that wrinkles around the eyes, the central part of the mouth are curved downward, and the corners of his mouth rise, like they're being bent upwards . This is the sincere smile.
Artificial smile (smile or a politician): This is the typical smile given on the eve of the election. Most people who receive it are people who believe themselves important and therefore did not reveal the artificiality of that smile. It's that straight smile, the corners of the mouth are stretched to the sides. And that is that there is only the movement of the mouth.
Smile of compressed lips: This is the typical smile given by those who wish to hold the laughter (laughter of mockery). Also known as the "evil smile", one in which the person will pass it when his lips tightly compressed, reaching the corners of the mouth get high up, almost imperceptible.
Sincere smile: When you know a person one of the first things to do is look into her eyes and drop a 'SMILE' spectacular or quite honest, this is the kind smile "that the eyes decrease in size (apparently), the corners of the lips tilt upward and the center is as if you were down. " This is the best smile to be given.
Eyes
The people who say that the eyes are the mirror of the soul, believing it to emphasize here that we look says a lot. If the person does not look to our eyes when saying something is because you are lying. " This is one of the simplest interpretations related to the eye.
In describing the importance of reading "Eye", I remember what Emerson said: "The eyes talk as much as the language we use, with the advantage that the ocular dialect, although without a dictionary, it is understood in the world whole. "
In a culture as a Latin American look is of paramount importance. It is understood that when a person does not look in her eyes she usually is not interested in you or the subject (conversation). It is necessary to maintain eye contact while talking and looking at the average length of stay should be about 55% to 70% (of talk time). That would show some interest.
A curiosity about it is that looking at a person, consciously or unconsciously, take the first look is a signal demonstration of submission, ie, look for a longer time who is temporarily or permanently which shows more confidence in conversation. Maintain eye contact with a woman any longer is a sign of "strength."
Rectilinear look (or gaze): Demonstrates the goal that the person has to look at it to keep a straight gaze (fixed) toward a person. Thus it is showing some interest.
"Tail of the eye," or squint: It's a look that occurs even though reduced, but the body not attached to project where his attention. This look shows fear, fear or distrust of those who "near."
Bright eyes: They are indicative of passion, joy and delight.
Eyes half-open: denotes anger, doubt. If you find this look keep doubt for a moment and try to reverse course toward this goal.
Three looks: The eyes have the ability to convey the notion of interest and sincerity. It is understood that when a woman is interested in a man she usually looks at him thrice. That's because the first look is the "sense of presence," the second and third recognition already belongs to the scale of interest.
The look and the first impression:
I think almost everyone has heard that "first impression is that it gets," but rarely tried to understand when it is formed. Researching the topic we noted that the first impression is formed in the first three seconds. So it's important to know so you can make a good first impression. After a good first impression you can only "give" once, then you can only try to improve the concept that people have formulated thereon, which really is much more difficult.
"Looking from the bottom up: This is the typical look of submission. When given by the wife, realizes that she will usually lower the head and go look at it as if ashamed.
There is also "looking from top to bottom, with a reproachful meaning this is where the person" look from top to bottom "and after she gives a balanced look at the head sideways (as if giving a no) to complete with an expiration time (as if throwing something away.)
Body
Body tilt: The inclination of the body says a lot about the person's attention. When you talk with someone and she leans in its direction (forward) it proves to be attentive to the conversation, but instead, she leans back, will be demonstrating disinterest.
Head tilt: The inclination of the head of one person to another, it shows interest. It should be understood that such interest may be related to the subject or even to oneself.
Slope of the breast
This inclination of the chest also indicates an emotional state. A gesture is the most classic chest rise.
Thorax elevated above normal indicates a feeling of superiority, or even arrogance, is accompanied by a slight tilt of the nose.
Thorax equal-sized states, sends a message ... "I'm just like you."
Thorax collapsed or withered indicates a lack of energy, shyness, submissiveness, revealing a person easily controllable.
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
Historian, writer, teacher and researcher.
Contact: marcostcj@yahoo.com.br
http://www.marcostadeucardoso.blogspot.com
Invite him to give lectures in their city.
International research reveals new findings about the relationship, flirt and marriage
When we think of relationships right words come from passion, love, desire, and because no sex! The love and passion were the basic elements for a life together, having that feeling was enough that they really were "happily ever after," so where is the passion now and especially love?
To help answer this question was one about relationships, after all, think, believe and even assuming no quantitative data is easy, the difficulty is present by sampling the data obtained, this research sought to understand what people want in relationships today, in an attempt to demystify some myths that guide the company when the theme is relationships.
Research conducted with the collaboration of several people, they answered questionnaires with open and closed, the people of various religions, genders, ages, and especially regions. The main objective was to try to delineate a profile of an ideal relationship or goal; among one of the key figures that were observed in the survey is that sincerity is nowadays increasingly demanded, among many more try to deceive, betray and deceive mainly, people look for sincerity, sincere relationships they want.
The lie was something clearly mentioned in the survey, voluntarily, because to be honest walking as opposed to lie, also mentioned that the worst thing in a relationship or even an attitude would be unforgivable betrayal, sincerity, no lying and mostly without treason, after 80% of people believe that is an unforgivable act. Beyond smiles and humility, charisma, be affectionate and even humorous is important for a healthy relationship.
In examining the question of treason there is insecurity in society and at the same time their rigidity, given that among the data may be mentioned that 60% of people believe they have been betrayed ever, 95% of people mention that there forgive a betrayal, even believing that have already been betrayed. If they were sure they would not forgive this act of infidelity, it is now important to draw attention, even with alarming statistics of divorce, infidelity, people look for someone faithful allegiance to this to be achieved in physical and must be achieved in virtual space, once 83% believe that infidelity is virtual treason, as in physical contact.
Almost all respondents can identify when the partner is lying; satisfaction in the category 84% of people would like to receive more praise or even present, in other words they want to receive recognition for their dedication in the relationship.
It was asking people if they believe that to begin a relationship just to have love, about 60% of people think that want to start a relationship you do not need love, more than half curiously not invest in a relationship beyond the feeling people were not a stable life, professionally stabilized and so on.
Ultimately people do not believe that love is eternal in a relationship, as mentioned in several books about relationships, people believe that the most important relationship is respect, because he is always accompanied by sincerity, loyalty and affection.
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
teacher, historian, researcher and writer
invite a speaker in your town, buy your books.
To help answer this question was one about relationships, after all, think, believe and even assuming no quantitative data is easy, the difficulty is present by sampling the data obtained, this research sought to understand what people want in relationships today, in an attempt to demystify some myths that guide the company when the theme is relationships.
Research conducted with the collaboration of several people, they answered questionnaires with open and closed, the people of various religions, genders, ages, and especially regions. The main objective was to try to delineate a profile of an ideal relationship or goal; among one of the key figures that were observed in the survey is that sincerity is nowadays increasingly demanded, among many more try to deceive, betray and deceive mainly, people look for sincerity, sincere relationships they want.
The lie was something clearly mentioned in the survey, voluntarily, because to be honest walking as opposed to lie, also mentioned that the worst thing in a relationship or even an attitude would be unforgivable betrayal, sincerity, no lying and mostly without treason, after 80% of people believe that is an unforgivable act. Beyond smiles and humility, charisma, be affectionate and even humorous is important for a healthy relationship.
In examining the question of treason there is insecurity in society and at the same time their rigidity, given that among the data may be mentioned that 60% of people believe they have been betrayed ever, 95% of people mention that there forgive a betrayal, even believing that have already been betrayed. If they were sure they would not forgive this act of infidelity, it is now important to draw attention, even with alarming statistics of divorce, infidelity, people look for someone faithful allegiance to this to be achieved in physical and must be achieved in virtual space, once 83% believe that infidelity is virtual treason, as in physical contact.
Almost all respondents can identify when the partner is lying; satisfaction in the category 84% of people would like to receive more praise or even present, in other words they want to receive recognition for their dedication in the relationship.
It was asking people if they believe that to begin a relationship just to have love, about 60% of people think that want to start a relationship you do not need love, more than half curiously not invest in a relationship beyond the feeling people were not a stable life, professionally stabilized and so on.
Ultimately people do not believe that love is eternal in a relationship, as mentioned in several books about relationships, people believe that the most important relationship is respect, because he is always accompanied by sincerity, loyalty and affection.
Marcos Tadeu Cardoso
teacher, historian, researcher and writer
invite a speaker in your town, buy your books.
domingo, 22 de maio de 2011
Prof. Marcos Tadeu research expands the Portuguese-speaking countries
The prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, author of three books, creates project to conduct research in foreign countries, preferably those who speak Portuguese, like Portugal, Madeira, Azores Islands, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe. The desire is to raise the research materials that will be published two books focused on both the historical element of human behavior that is of Body Language. Proposals may be either public or private companies, university professors or institutions.
Those interested should contact the teacher by email or telephone.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (email)
mar.cj@hotmail.com (msn)
Prof Marcos Tadeu recherche élargit les pays de langue portugaise
Le prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, auteur de trois livres, crée des projets à mener des recherches dans des pays étrangers, de préférence ceux qui parlent le portugais, comme le Portugal, à Madère, aux Açores, Mozambique, Angola, Guinée-Bissau, Cap-Vert et Sao Tomé et Principe. Le désir est d'élever le matériel de recherche qui sera publié deux livres axés sur les éléments historiques de comportement humain qui est du langage corporel. Les propositions peuvent être soit des entreprises publiques ou privées, des professeurs d'université ou d'institutions.
Les personnes intéressées doivent contacter le professeur par courriel ou par téléphone.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (email)
mar.cj@hotmail.com (msn)
Prof. Marcos Tadeu la investigación se amplía a los países de habla portuguesa
El prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, autor de tres libros, crea proyectos para llevar a cabo la investigación en el extranjero, preferiblemente los que hablan portugués, como Portugal, Madeira, las Islas Azores, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cabo Verde y Santo Tomé y Príncipe. El deseo es aumentar los materiales de investigación que se publicará dos libros se centró tanto en el elemento histórico de la conducta humana que es de lenguaje corporal. Las propuestas pueden ser tanto empresas públicas o privadas, profesores universitarios o instituciones.
Los interesados deberán ponerse en contacto con el profesor por correo electrónico o teléfono.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (correo electrónico)
mar.cj@hotmail.com
The prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, author of three books, creates project to conduct research in foreign countries, preferably those who speak Portuguese, like Portugal, Madeira, Azores Islands, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe. The desire is to raise the research materials that will be published two books focused on both the historical element of human behavior that is of Body Language. Proposals may be either public or private companies, university professors or institutions.
Those interested should contact the teacher by email or telephone.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (email)
mar.cj@hotmail.com (msn)
Prof Marcos Tadeu recherche élargit les pays de langue portugaise
Le prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, auteur de trois livres, crée des projets à mener des recherches dans des pays étrangers, de préférence ceux qui parlent le portugais, comme le Portugal, à Madère, aux Açores, Mozambique, Angola, Guinée-Bissau, Cap-Vert et Sao Tomé et Principe. Le désir est d'élever le matériel de recherche qui sera publié deux livres axés sur les éléments historiques de comportement humain qui est du langage corporel. Les propositions peuvent être soit des entreprises publiques ou privées, des professeurs d'université ou d'institutions.
Les personnes intéressées doivent contacter le professeur par courriel ou par téléphone.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (email)
mar.cj@hotmail.com (msn)
Prof. Marcos Tadeu la investigación se amplía a los países de habla portuguesa
El prof. Marcos Tadeu Cardoso, autor de tres libros, crea proyectos para llevar a cabo la investigación en el extranjero, preferiblemente los que hablan portugués, como Portugal, Madeira, las Islas Azores, Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cabo Verde y Santo Tomé y Príncipe. El deseo es aumentar los materiales de investigación que se publicará dos libros se centró tanto en el elemento histórico de la conducta humana que es de lenguaje corporal. Las propuestas pueden ser tanto empresas públicas o privadas, profesores universitarios o instituciones.
Los interesados deberán ponerse en contacto con el profesor por correo electrónico o teléfono.
0xx5538 3223-5534
0xx5538 9804-6580
marcostcj@yahoo.com.br (correo electrónico)
mar.cj@hotmail.com
quarta-feira, 30 de março de 2011
[close]
Body language
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A study in body language.
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely subconsciously.
John Borg attests that human communication consists of 93 percent body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves[1]; however, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose 1960s work is the source of these statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings[2] (see Misinterpretation of Mehrabian's rule). Others assert that "Research has suggested that between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior."[3]
Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication, among many other cues.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Understanding body language
o 1.1 Physical expression
* 2 How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?
* 3 Body language and space
* 4 Unintentional gestures
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
[edit] Understanding body language
The technique of "reading" people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.[citation needed] It is important to note that while some indicators of emotion (e.g. smiling/laughing when happy, frowning/crying when sad) are largely universal[citation needed][4], however in the 1990s Ekman expanded his list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles.[13] The newly included emotions are: 1. Amusement 2. Contempt 3. Contentment 4. Embarrassment 5. Excitement 6. Guilt 7. Pride in achievement 8. Relief 9. Satisfaction 10. Sensory pleasure 11. Shame
Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions. Examples would include yawning (sleepiness), showing lack of interest (sexual interest/survival interest), attempts to change the topic (fight or flight drivers).
[edit] Physical expression
Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown[citation needed], it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.[5]
* One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest.[citation needed] This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold, which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.
* Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take their eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact can also be a secondary and misleading gesture because cultural norms about it vary widely. If a person is looking at you, but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact, a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also, there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other than to the forehead, it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other than to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.[citation needed]
* Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.[citation needed]
* Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.[citation needed]
* Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.[citation needed]
* Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying. Recently[when?], evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than excessive blinking. [1]
Some people use and understand body language differently, or not at all.[citation needed] Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.
[edit] How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?
Some researchers[who?] put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication when it could be at around 50-65 percent. Different studies have found differing amounts, with some studies showing that facial communication is believed 4.3 times more often than verbal meaning, and another finding that verbal communication in a flat tone is 4 times more likely to be understood than a pure facial expression.[citation needed] Albert Mehrabian is noted for finding a 7%-38%-55% rule, supposedly denoting how much communication was conferred by words, tone, and body language. However he was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes.
[edit] Body language and space
Main article: Personal space
Interpersonal space refers to the psychological "bubble" that we can imagine exists when someone is standing too close to us. Research has revealed that there are four different zones of interpersonal space.
* The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about eighteen inches (46 cm) apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we reserve for lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends, and also pet animals.
* The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length away; starting around eighteen inches (46 cm) from our person and ending about four feet (122 cm) away. We use personal distance in conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions.
* The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area that ranges from four to eight feet (1.2 m - 2.4 m) away from you. Social distance is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances.
* The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything more than eight feet (2.4 m) away from you. This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.[6]
[edit] Unintentional gestures
Recently[when?], there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be useful for developing an interactive and adaptive human-machine system. Unintentional human gestures such as making an eye rub, a chin rest, a lip touch, a nose itch, a head scratch, an ear scratch, crossing arms, and a finger lock have been found conveying some useful information in specific context. Some researchers[who?] have tried to extract such gestures in a specific context of educational applications.[citation needed] In poker games, such gestures are referred to as "tells" and are useful to players for detecting deception or behavioral patterns in an opponent(s).
[edit] See also
* Posture (psychology)
[edit] References
1. ^ Borg, John. Body Language: 7 Easy Lessons to Master the Silent Language. Prentice Hall life, 2008
2. ^ More or Less. BBC Radio 4. 13:30–14:00.
3. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 133
4. ^ see also wiki on "Lie to Me"
5. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 137
6. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 140-141
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Body language
* Body language is of particular importance in large groups by Tarnow, E. published 1997
* Hess Pupil Dilation Findings: Sex or Novelty? Social Behavior and Personality , 1998 by Aboyoun, Darren C, Dabbs, James M Jr
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language"
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Nonverbal communication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Non verbal Communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. i.e., language is not the only source of communication, there are other means also. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch (Haptic communication), by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Meaning can also be communicated through object or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture), symbols, and icons (or graphics). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Dance is also regarded as a form of nonverbal communication. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page.
However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.[1]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Verbal vs. oral communication
* 2 History
* 3 Arbitrariness
* 4 Characteristics of nonverbal communication
* 5 Clothing and bodily characteristics
* 6 Physical environment
o 6.1 Proxemics: physical space in communication
o 6.2 Chronemics: time in communication
+ 6.2.1 Monochronic Time
+ 6.2.2 Polychronic Time
* 7 Movement and body position
o 7.1 Kinesics
o 7.2 Posture
o 7.3 Gesture
o 7.4 Haptics: touching in communication
* 8 Eye gaze
* 9 Paralanguage: nonverbal cues of the voice
* 10 Functions of nonverbal communication
o 10.1 Concealing deception
* 11 The relation between verbal and nonverbal communication
o 11.1 The relative importance of verbal and nonverbal communication
o 11.2 Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication
+ 11.2.1 Repeating
+ 11.2.2 Conflicting
+ 11.2.3 Complementing
+ 11.2.4 Substituting
+ 11.2.5 Regulating
+ 11.2.6 Accenting/Moderating
* 12 Dance and nonverbal communication
* 13 Clinical studies of nonverbal communication
* 14 Difficulties with nonverbal communication
* 15 Footnotes
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 External links
[edit] Verbal vs. oral communication
Scholars in this field usually use a strict sense of the term "verbal", meaning "of or concerned with words", and do not use "verbal communication" as a synonym for oral or spoken communication. Thus, vocal sounds that are not considered to be words, such as a grunt, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are generally understood as forms of verbal communication, as both make use of words — although like speech, both may contain paralinguistic elements and often occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel — sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Nonverbal communication is important as:
"When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal." (Givens, 2000, p. 4)
[edit] History
The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). He argued that all mammals show emotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fields, including , linguistics, semiotics and social psychology.
[edit] Arbitrariness
While much nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary symbols, which differ from culture to culture, a large proportion is also to some extent iconic and may be universally understood. Paul Ekman's influential 1960s studies of facial expression determined that expressions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise are universal.
[edit] Characteristics of nonverbal communication
1. Non-verbal messages primarily communicate emotions, attitudes.
2. Non-verbal cues substitute for, contradict, emphasize or regulate verbal message.
3. Non-verbal cues are often ambiguous.
4. Non-verbal cues are continuous.
5. Non-verbal cues are more reliable.
6. Non-verbal cues are culture bound.
[edit] Clothing and bodily characteristics
Uniforms have both a functional and a communicative purpose. This man's clothes identify him as male and a police officer; his badges and shoulder sleeve insignia give information about his job and rank.
Elements such as physique, height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, odors, and clothing send nonverbal messages during interaction. For example, a study[2], carried out in Vienna, Austria, of the clothing worn by women attending discothèques showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were in town without their partners) motivation for sex, and levels of sexual hormones, were correlated with aspects of the clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed, and the presence of sheer clothing, e.g. at the arms. Thus, to some degree, clothing sent signals about interest in courtship.
Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed & Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller, for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking.
[edit] Physical environment
Environmental factors such as furniture, architectural style, interior decorating, lighting conditions, colors, temperature, noise, and music affect the behavior of communicators during interaction. The furniture itself can be seen as a nonverbal message[1]
[edit] Proxemics: physical space in communication
Proxemics is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is interpreted The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures[3] and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.
The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space.[4] Hargie & Dickson (2004, p. 69) identify 4 such territories:
1. Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owner’s permission.
2. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no “right” to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there.
3. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space.
4. Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it.
[edit] Chronemics: time in communication
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way we perceive time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for communication. Time perceptions include punctuality and willingness to wait, the speed of speech and how long people are willing to listen. The timing and frequency of an action as well as the tempo and rhythm of communications within an interaction contributes to the interpretation of nonverbal messages. Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey (1988) identified 2 dominant time patterns:
[edit] Monochronic Time
A monochronic time system means that things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Under this system time is scheduled, arranged and managed.
The United States is considered a monochronic society. This perception of time is learned and rooted in the Industrial Revolution, where "factory life required the labor force to be on hand and in place at an appointed hour" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 238). For Americans, time is a precious resource not to be wasted or taken lightly. "We buy time, save time, spend time and make time. Our time can be broken down into years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds and even milliseconds. We use time to structure both our daily lives and events that we are planning for the future. We have schedules that we must follow: appointments that we must go to at a certain time, classes that start and end at certain times, work schedules that start and end at certain times, and even our favorite TV shows, that start and end at a certain time.” [1]
As communication scholar Edward T. Hall wrote regarding the American’s viewpoint of time in the business world, “the schedule is sacred.” Hall says that for monochronic cultures, such as the American culture, “time is tangible” and viewed as a commodity where “time is money” or “time is wasted.” The result of this perspective is that Americans and other monochronic cultures, such as the German and Swiss, place a paramount value on schedules, tasks and “getting the job done.” These cultures are committed to regimented schedules and may view those who do not subscribe to the same perception of time as disrespectful.
Monochronic cultures include Germany, Canada, Switzerland, United States, and Scandinavia.
[edit] Polychronic Time
A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike European-Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Native American, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychronic system of time.
These cultures are much less focused on the preciseness of accounting for each and every moment. As Raymond Cohen notes, polychronic cultures are deeply steeped in tradition rather than in tasks—a clear difference from their monochronic counterparts. Cohen notes that "Traditional societies have all the time in the world. The arbitrary divisions of the clock face have little saliency in cultures grounded in the cycle of the seasons, the invariant pattern of rural life, and the calendar of religious festivities" (Cohen, 1997, p. 34).
Instead, their culture is more focused on relationships, rather than watching the clock. They have no problem being “late” for an event if they are with family or friends, because the relationship is what really matters. As a result, polychronic cultures have a much less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules. Rather, “cultures that use the polychronic time system often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously so keeping on schedule is an impossibility.” [2]
Polychronic cultures include Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico, Philippines, India, and many in Africa.
[edit] Movement and body position
[edit] Kinesics
Information about the relationship and affect of these two skaters is communicated by their body posture, eye gaze and physical contact.
The term "Kinesics" was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement. Part of Birdwhistell's work involved making film of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. The study was joined by several other anthropologists, including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson.
[edit] Posture
Posture can be used to determine a participant’s degree of attention or involvement, the difference in status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator.[5] Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror-image congruent postures, where one person’s left side is parallel to the other person’s right side, leads to favorable perception of communicators and positive speech; a person who displays a forward lean or a decrease in a backwards lean also signify positive sentiment during communication.[6] Posture is understood through such indicators as direction of lean, body orientation, arm position, and body openness.
[edit] Gesture
A wink is a type of gesture.
A gesture is a non-vocal bodily movement intended to express meaning. They may be articulated with the hands, arms or body, and also include movements of the head, face and eyes, such as winking, nodding, or rolling ones' eyes. The boundary between language and gesture, or verbal and nonverbal communication, can be hard to identify.
Although the study of gesture is still in its infancy, some broad categories of gestures have been identified by researchers. The most familiar are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures. These are conventional, culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words, such as the hand-wave used in the US for "hello" and "goodbye". A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.[9] For a list of emblematic gestures, see list of gestures.
Another broad category of gestures comprises those gestures used spontaneously when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The so-called beat gestures are used in conjunction with speech and keep time with the rhythm of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to speech and thought processes.[10] Other spontaneous gestures used when we speak are more contentful and may echo or elaborate the meaning of the co-occurring speech.For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing may be synchronous with the utterance, "He threw the ball right into the window."[10]
Gestural languages such as American Sign Language and its regional siblings operate as complete natural languages that are gestural in modality. They should not be confused with finger spelling, in which a set of emblematic gestures are used to represent a written alphabet.
Gestures can also be categorized as either speech-independent or speech-related. Speech-independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a direct verbal translation.[7] A wave hello or a peace sign are examples of speech-independent gestures. Speech related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech; this form of nonverbal communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated. Speech related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing to an object of discussion.
Gestures such as Mudra (Sanskrit) encode sophisticated information accessible to initiates that are privy to the subtlety of elements encoded in their tradition.
[edit] Haptics: touching in communication
A high five is an example of communicative touch.
Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slapping, high fives, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, and scratching.[7] These behaviors are referred to as "adapter" or "tells" and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch.[8]
Humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of non-verbal actions known as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are: smiling, touching, open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are known to be high contact cultures.
Haptic communication is the means by which people and other animals communicate via touching. Touch is an extremely important sense for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (such as kissing) and platonic (such as hugging or tickling).
Touch is the earliest sense to develop in the fetus. The development of an infant's haptic senses and how it relates to the development of the other senses such as vision has been the target of much research. Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch, even if they retain sight and hearing. Babies who can perceive through touch, even without sight and hearing, tend to fare much better. Touch can be thought of as a basic sense in that most life forms have a response to being touched, while only a subset have sight and hearing.
In chimpanzees the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers. Harry Harlow conducted a controversial study involving rhesus monkeys and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother", a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in softer terry cloth which provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere wire mother.(Harlow,1958)
Touching is treated differently from one country to another and socially acceptable levels of touching vary from one culture to another (Remland, 2009). In the Thai culture, for example, touching someone's head may be thought rude. Remland and Jones (1995) studied groups of people communicating and found that in England (8%), France (5%) and the Netherlands (4%) touching was rare compared to their Italian (14%) and Greek (12.5%) sample.[9]
Striking, pushing, pulling, pinching, kicking, strangling and hand-to-hand fighting are forms of touch in the context of physical abuse. In a sentence like "I never touched him/her" or "Don't you dare to touch him/her" the term touch may be meant as euphemism for either physical abuse or sexual touching. To 'touch oneself' is a euphemism for masturbation.
The word touch has many other metaphorical uses. One can be emotionally touched, referring to an action or object that evokes an emotional response. To say "I was touched by your letter" implies the reader felt a strong emotion when reading it. Usually does not include anger, disgust or other forms of emotional rejection unless used in a sarcastic manner.
Stoeltje (2003) wrote about how Americans are ‘losing touch’ with this important communication skill. During a study conducted by University of Miami School of Medicine, Touch Research Institutes, American children were said to be more aggressive than their French counterparts while playing at a playground. It was noted that French women touched their children more
[edit] Eye gaze
The study of the role of eyes in nonverbal communication is sometimes referred to as "oculesics". Eye contact can indicate interest, attention, and involvement. Studies have found that people use their eyes to indicate their interest and with more than the frequently recognized actions of winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. Eye contact is an event when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time. It is a form of nonverbal communication and has a large influence on social behavior. Frequency and interpretation of eye contact vary between cultures and species. Eye aversion is the avoidance of eye contact. Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. [8] Gaze comprises the actions of looking while talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze, and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.[10]
[edit] Paralanguage: nonverbal cues of the voice
Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.
The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification system which consists of the voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.[11]
* The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.
* The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique "voice print".
* Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates. Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning. A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a message - for example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as opposed to whispering "Hey stop that". Vocal segregates such as "uh-huh" notify the speaker that the listener is listening.
[edit] Functions of nonverbal communication
Argyle (1970) [12] put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations [13].
Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:[14]
* Express emotions
* Express interpersonal attitudes
* To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners
* Self-presentation of one’s personality
* Rituals (greetings)
[edit] Concealing deception
Nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed. This is the conclusion of a study where people watched made-up interviews of persons accused of having stolen a wallet. The interviewees lied in about 50% of the cases. People had access to either written transcripts of the interviews, or audio tape recordings, or video recordings. The more clues that were available to those watching, the larger was the trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful. That is, people that are clever at lying can use voice tone and face expression to give the impression that they are truthful [15].
However, there are many cited examples of 'leakage' cues[16], delivered via nonverbal (paraverbal and visual) communication channels, through which deceivers unwittingly provide clues to their concealed knowledge or actual opinions. Most studies examining the leakage hypothesis from visual cues rely upon hand coding of video footage (c.f. Vrij, 2008[17]), a method that is open to coding errors. A recent study, however, demonstrated clear bodily movement differences between truth-tellers and liars using an automated body motion capture system: truth-tellers demonstrated greater overall bodily movement compared to liars in two different situations[18].
[edit] The relation between verbal and nonverbal communication
[edit] The relative importance of verbal and nonverbal communication
Do you like kitty cats?This was investigated by Albert Mehrabian and reported in two papers [19][20]. The latter paper concluded: "It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal, vocal, and facial attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects - with coefficients of .07, .38, and .55, respectively." This "rule" that clues from spoken words, from the voice tone, and from the facial expression, contribute 7 %, 38 %, and 55 % respectively to the total meaning, is widely cited. It is presented on all types of popular courses with statements like "scientists have found out that . . . ". In reality, however, it is extremely weakly founded. First, it is based on the judgment of the meaning of single tape-recorded words, i.e. a very artificial context. Second, the figures are obtained by combining results from two different studies which potentially cannot be combined. Third, it relates only to the communication of positive versus negative emotions. Fourth, it relates only to women, as men did not participate in the study.
Since then, other studies have analysed the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal signals under more naturalistic situations. Argyle [12] , using video tapes shown to the subjects, analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et al.[21] had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound. Thus, the relative importance of spoken words and facial expressions may be very different in studies using different set-ups.
[edit] Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication
When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.
[edit] Repeating
"Repeating" consists of using gestures to strengthen a verbal message, such as pointing to the object of discussion.[22]
[edit] Conflicting
Verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration.[23] When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions.
[edit] Complementing
Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange.[24]
[edit] Substituting
Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message. People learn to identify facial expressions, body movements, and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions. Nonverbal signals can be used without verbal communication to convey messages; when nonverbal behavior does not effectively communicate a message, verbal methods are used to enhance understanding.[25]
[edit] Regulating
Nonverbal behavior also regulates our conversations. For example, touching someone's arm can signal that you want to talk next or interrupt.[25]
[edit] Accenting/Moderating
Nonverbal signals are used to alter the interpretation of verbal messages. Touch, voice pitch, and gestures are some of the tools people use to accent or amplify the message that is sent; nonverbal behavior can also be used to moderate or tone down aspects of verbal messages as well.[26] For example, a person who is verbally expressing anger may accent the verbal message by shaking a fist.
[edit] Dance and nonverbal communication
Dance is a form of nonverbal communication that requires the same underlying faculty in the brain for conceptualization, creativity and memory as does verbal language in speaking and writing. Means of self-expression, both forms have vocabulary (steps and gestures in dance), grammar (rules for putting the vocabulary together) and meaning. Dance, however, assembles (choreographs) these elements in a manner that more often resembles poetry, with its ambiguity and multiple, symbolic and elusive meanings.
[edit] Clinical studies of nonverbal communication
From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm.[27].Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. This technique was developed by and the studies directed by psychologist, Dr. Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts [28] and phencyclidine abusers[29] was contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Men with major depression[30] manifested significantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men.
Freitas-Magalhaes studied the effect of smile in the treatment of depression and concluded that depressive states decrease when you smile more often.[31]
Obese women[32] and women with premenstrual syndrome[33] were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities.[34]. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever.[35]. Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity, the members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed[36].
A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/ Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of any subgroup.[37] Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders.[38] These results were troubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level, diminished.
The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northest Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as subjects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons, radiologists, or pathologists. Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean[39].
[edit] Difficulties with nonverbal communication
People vary in their ability to send and receive nonverbal communication. On average, to a moderate degree, women are better at nonverbal communication than are men [40][41][42][43].
Measurements of the ability to communicate nonverbally and the capacity to feel empathy have shown that the two abilities are independent of each other [44].
For people who have relatively large difficulties with nonverbal communication, this can pose significant challenges, especially in interpersonal relationships. There exist resources that are tailored specifically to these people, which attempt to assist those in understanding information which comes more easily to others. A specific group of persons that face these challenges are those with autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome.
[edit] Footnotes
1. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2002, p.7
2. ^ Grammer, Karl, Renninger, Leeann & Fischer, Bettina (2004): Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: is she dressed to impress? Journal of sexual research 41 (1): 66-74.
3. ^ Segerstrale & Molnar, 1997, p.235
4. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.8
5. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.9
6. ^ Bull, 1987, pp. 17-25
7. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p. 9
8. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.10
9. ^ Remland, M.S. & Jones, T.S. (2005). Interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch: The effect of culture, gender and age. Journal of Social Psychology,135, 281-297
10. ^ Argyle, 1988, pp. 153-155
11. ^ Floyd and Guerrero, 2006
12. ^ a b Argyle, Michael, Veronica Salter, Hilary Nicholson, Marylin Williams & Philip Burgess (1970): The communication of inferior and superior attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. British journal of social and clinical psychology 9: 222-231.
13. ^ Rosenthal, Robert & Bella M. DePaulo (1979): Sex differences in accommodation in nonverbal communication. Pp. 68-103 i R. Rosenthal (ed.): Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
14. ^ Argyle, 1988, p.5
15. ^ Burgoon, J. K., J. P. Blair & R.E.Strom (2008): Cognitive biases and nonverbal cue availability in detecting deception. Human communication research 34: 572-599.
16. ^ Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V.: Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception: Psychiatry, vol. 32, pp. 88-106 (1969).
17. ^ Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.
18. ^ Eapen, N.M., Baron, S., Street, C.N.H., & Richardson, D.C. (2010). The bodily movements of liars. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.) Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Portland, OR: Cognitive Science Society
19. ^ Mehrabian, Albert & Morton Wiener (1967): Decoding of inconsistent communications. Journal of personality and social psychology 6(1): 109-114.
20. ^ Mehrabian, Albert & Susan R. Ferris (1967): Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of consulting psychology 31 (3): 248-252.
21. ^ Christopher K. Hsee, Elaine Hatfield & Claude Chemtob (1992): Assessments of the emotional states of others: Conscious judgments versus emotional contagion. Journal of social and clinical psychology 14 (2): 119-128.
22. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.12
23. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.13
24. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.14
25. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.16
26. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.17
27. ^ RE Miller, AJ Giannini, JM Levine. Nonverbal communication in men with a cooperative conditioning task. Journal of Social Psychology. 103:101-108, 1977
28. ^ AJ Giannini, BT Jones. Decreased reception of nonverbal cues in heroin addicts. Journal of Psychology. 119(5):455-459, 1985.
29. ^ AJ Giannini. RK Bowman, JD Giannini. Perception of nonverbal facial cues in chronic phencyclidine abusers. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 89:72-76, 1999
30. ^ AJ Giannini, DJ Folts, SM Melemis RH Loiselle. Depressed men's lowered ability to interpret nonverbal cues. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 81:555-559, 1995.
31. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A., & Castro, E. (2009). Facial Expression: The Effect of the Smile in the Treatment of Depression. Empirical Study with Portuguese Subjects. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (127-140). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
32. ^ AJ Giannini, L DiRusso, DJ Folts, G Cerimele. Nonverbal communication in moderately obese females. A pilot study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2:111-1115, 1990.
33. ^ AJ Giannini, LM Sorger, DM Martin, L Bates. Journal of Psychology. 122:591-594, 1988.
34. ^ AJ Giannini, DJ Folts, L Fiedler. Enhanced encoding of nonverval cues in male bipolars. Journal of Psychology. 124:557-561, 1990.
35. ^ AJ Giannini,D Tamulonis,MC Giannini, RH Loiselle, G Spirtos,. Defective response to social cues in Mobius syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders. 172174-175, 1984.
36. ^ AJ Giannini. Suggestions for future studies of nonverbal facial cues. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 81:555-558,1995
37. ^ AJ Giannini,KW Fellows. Enhanced interpretation of nonverbal cues in male rapists. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 15:153-158,1986.
38. ^ AJ Giannini, WA Price, JL Kniepple. Decreased interpretation of nonverbal cues in rape victims. International Journal of Pschiatry in Medicine. 16:389-394,1986.
39. ^ AJ Giannini,JD Giannini, RK Bowman. Measrement of nonverbal receptive abilities in medical students. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 90:1145-1150, 2000
40. ^ Judith A. Hall (1978): Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological bulletin 85: 845-857.
41. ^ Judith A. Hall (1984): Nonverbal sex differences. Communication accuracy and expressive style. 207 pp. Johns Hopkins University Press.
42. ^ Judith A. Hall, Jason D. Carter & Terrence G. Horgan (2000): Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. Pp. 97 - 117 i A. H. Fischer (ed.): Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
43. ^ Agneta H. Fischer & Anthony S. R. Manstead (2000): The relation between gender and emotions in different cultures. Pp. 71 - 94 i A. H. Fischer (ed.): Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
44. ^ Judith A. Hall (1979): Gender, gender roles, and nonverbal communication skills. Pp. 32-67 in R. Rosenthal (ed.): Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
[edit] See also
* Albert Mehrabian
* Asemic writing
* Behavioral communication
* Body language
* Chinese number gestures
* Desmond Morris
* Doctrine of mental reservation
* Forgetfulness
* Intercultural competence
* Joe Navarro
* Metacommunicative competence
* Microexpression
* Neuro-linguistic programming
* Nunchi
* People skills
* Regulatory Focus Theory
* Semiotics
* Silent service code
* Twilight language
* Unconscious communication
[edit] References
* Andersen, Peter. (2007). Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions (2nd ed.) Waveland Press.
* Andersen, Peter. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Body Language. Alpha Publishing.
* Argyle, Michael. (1988). Bodily Communication (2nd ed.) Madison: International Universities Press. ISBN 0-416-38140-5
* Bull, Peter E. (1987). Posture and Gesture (Vol. 16). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-031332-9
* Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., & Floyd, K. (2011), Nonverbal communication, Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [1]
* Floyd, K., Guerrero, L. K. (2006), Nonverbal communication in close relationships, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
* Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of Human Smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 972-8830-59-9
* Givens, D.B. (2000) Body speak: what are you saying? Successful Meetings (October) 51
* Guerrero, L. K., DeVito, J. A., Hecht, M. L. (Eds.) (1999). The nonverbal communication reader. (2nd ed.), Lone Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. [2]
* Gudykunst, W.B. & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988) Culture and Interpersonal Communication. California: Sage Publications Inc.
* Hanna, Judith L. (1987). To Dance Is Human: A Theory of Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Hargie, O. & Dickson, D. (2004) Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice. Hove: Routledge.
* Knapp, Mark L., & Hall, Judith A. (2007) Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. (5th ed.) Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. ISBN 0-15-506372-3
* Melamed, J. & Bozionelos, N. (1992) Managerial promotion and height. Psychological Reports, 71 pp. 587–593.
* Remland, Martin S. (2009). Nonverbal communication in everyday life. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
* Ottenheimer, H.J. (2007), The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.
* Segerstrale, Ullica., & Molnar, Peter (Eds.). (1997). Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-2179-1
* Zysk, Wolfgang (2004), ″Körpersprache - Eine neue Sicht″, Doctoral Dissertation 2004, University Duisburg-Essen (Germany).
[edit] External links
* "Credibility, Respect, and Power: Sending the Right Nonverbal Signals" by Debra Stein
* Advanced Body Language by Roman Smirnov, 2008
* Online Nonverbal Library with more than 500 free available articles on this topic.
* The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, Signs & Body Language Cues by David B. Givens
* "Psychology Today Nonverbal Communication Blog posts" by Joe Navarro
* "NVC Portal - A useful portal providing information on Nonverbal Communication"
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication"
Categories: Nonverbal communication
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Human positions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Human position)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pose" redirects here. For other uses, see Pose (disambiguation).
Human positions refers to the different positions that the human body can take.
There are several synonyms that refer to the human position, often used interchangeably, but having specific flavors.[1]
* Position is a general term for a configuration of the human body
* Posture means the intentionally or habitually assumed position
* Pose implies artistic or aesthetic intention of the position
* Attitude refers to postures assumed for purpose of imitation, intentional or not, as well as in some standard collocations in reference to some distinguished types of posture: "Freud never assumed a fencer's attitude, yet almost all took him for a swordsman."[2]
* Bearing refers to the manner, of the posture, as well as of gestures and other aspects of the conduct taking place
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Basic positions
o 1.1 Standing
o 1.2 Sitting
o 1.3 Squatting
o 1.4 Lying
o 1.5 Kneeling
o 1.6 Crouching
o 1.7 All-fours
* 2 Atypical positions
* 3 Bondage positions
* 4 Childbirth positions
* 5 Dance positions
* 6 Defecation positions
* 7 Eating positions
* 8 Heat escape lessening position
* 9 Medical positions
* 10 Recovery position
* 11 Resting positions
* 12 Sex positions
* 13 Shooting positions
* 14 Sleeping positions
* 15 Submissive positions
* 16 Urination positions
* 17 Yoga positions
* 18 See also
* 19 References
* 20 Further reading
[edit] Basic positions
While not moving, a human is usually in one of the following basic positions.
[edit] Standing
Main article: Standing
Standing couple, January 1873
Although quiet standing appears to be static, modern instrumentation shows it to be a process of rocking from the ankle in the sagittal plane. The sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an inverted pendulum.[3] There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control this movement, e.g. a spring action in muscles, higher control from the nervous system or core muscles.
Although standing per se isn't dangerous, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition is orthostatic hypotension, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and low back pain.
[edit] Sitting
Main article: Sitting
Paul Cézanne. A sitting position
Sitting requires the buttocks resting on a more or less horizontal structure, like a chair or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the legs horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the lotus position or be placed horizontally under the thigh in a seiza.
[edit] Squatting
Main article: Squatting position
Squatting on the ground as a resting position.
Squatting is a posture where the weight of the body is on the feet (as with standing) but the knees are bent either fully (full or deep squat) or partially (partial, half, semi, parallel or monkey squat). It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level when the ground is too dirty to sit or kneel; for defecation (the normal such posture in the many parts of the world that use squat toilets); or as a temporary position during lower body squat exercises.
[edit] Lying
Main article: Lying (position)
"Jupiter et Antiope", by Antoine Watteau
When in lying position, the body may assume a great variety of shapes and positions. The following are the basic recognized positions.
* Supine position: lying on the back with the face up.
* Prone position: lying (or laying) on the chest with the face down ("lying down", "laying down", or "going prone").
Lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with limbs close to the torso and the head close to the knees.
[edit] Kneeling
Main article: Kneeling
A kneeling skeleton
Kneeling is standing not on the feet, but on one or both knees or shins approximately parallel to the ground, possibly raised to an angle depending on the position of the feet. The torso is usually upright but can be considered kneeling at other angles not touching the ground.
[edit] Crouching
Crouching Aphrodite, Louvre
To crouch means "to bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with legs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey or in fear."[4]
Crouching may involve squatting or kneeling.
[edit] All-fours
See also: The Gaskin Maneuver
This is the static form of crawling which is instinctive form of locomotion for very young children. It is a commonly used childbirth position in non-Western cultures.[5]
[edit] Atypical positions
Hanging man by David Černý
Atypical positions include:
* standing on one leg
* handstand
* head stand
* spreadeagle
* crab position
* Humans can hang in various positions. It is a position where the support is above the center of gravity. It may be voluntary or involuntary.
Such positions are common to break dancing, gymnastics and yoga.
[edit] Bondage positions
Main article: List of bondage positions
A bondage position is a body position created by physical restraints which restricts locomotion, use of the limbs or general freedom of movement.
[edit] Childbirth positions
Main article: Childbirth positions
In addition to the lithotomy position still commonly used by many obstetricians, childbirth positions that are successfully used by midwives and traditional birth-attendants the world over include squatting, standing, kneeling and on all-fours, often in a sequence.[6]
[edit] Dance positions
Main article: Dance positions
Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique.
[edit] Defecation positions
Main article: Defecation positions
The two most common defecation positions are squatting and sitting. The squatting posture is used for Japanese toilets and squat toilets. It is also commonly used for defecation in the absence of toilets or other devices. The sitting defecation posture is used in Western toilets, with a lean-forward posture or a 90-degrees posture. In general, the posture chosen is a cultural decision although the case has been made that squatting provides health benefits over sitting.
[edit] Eating positions
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[edit] Heat escape lessening position
Main article: Heat escape lessening position
The heat escape lessening position (HELP), is a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss in cold water. It is taught as part of the curriculum in Australia, North America and Ireland for lifeguard and boating safety training. It involves essentially positioning one's knees together and hugging them close to the chest using one's arms.
[edit] Medical positions
The following positions are specifically used in medicine:[7]
* anatomical position
* Bozeman's position
* decubitus position
* Fowler's position
* knee-chest position
* knee-elbow position
* lithotomy position
* Mayer position
* Rose's position
* semi-Fowler position
* Sims position
* Trendelenburg position
* verticosubmental position
* Waters' position
[edit] Recovery position
Main article: Recovery position
The recovery position or coma position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, in to which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed as part of first aid treatment.
[edit] Resting positions
A large number of resting positions are possible, based on variations of sitting, squatting, kneeling or lying.[8]
[edit] Sex positions
Main article: Sex positions
Sex positions are positions which people may adopt during or for the purpose of sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. Sexual acts are generally described by the positions the participants adopt in order to perform those acts.
[edit] Shooting positions
* Kneeling position
* Prone position
* Standing position
* Three positions
[edit] Sleeping positions
Main article: Sleeping positions
The sleeping position is the body configuration assumed by a person during or prior to sleeping. Six basic sleeping positions have been identified:
* Fetus (41%) – curling up in a fetal position. This was the most common position, and is especially popular with women.
* Log (15%) – lying on one's side with the arms down the side.
* Yearner (13%) – sleeping on one's side with the arms in front.
* Soldier (8%) – on one's back with the arms pinned to the sides.
* Freefall (7%) – on one's front with the arms around the pillow and the head tilted to one side.
* Starfish (5%) – on one's back with the arms around
[edit] Submissive positions
* Genuflection (or genuflexion) is bending at least one knee to the ground, was from early times a gesture of deep respect for a superior.
* Kneeling is associated with reverence, submission and obeisance, particularly if one kneels before a person who is standing or sitting.
* Kowtowing is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground.
* Prostration is the placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position.
[edit] Urination positions
Main article: Urination
For males, because of the flexible and protruding nature of the penis, it is simple to control the direction of the urine stream. Most males urinate in a standing position although they could urinate sitting down or squatting.
For females, the urine does not exit at a distance from the body and is therefore harder to control. Females most commonly urinate sitting (on a toilet) or squatting. Many females are able to urinate standing, sometimes using a female urination device.
[edit] Yoga positions
Main article: List of yoga postures
Yoga positions are intended primarily to restore and maintain a practitioner's well-being, improve the body's flexibility and vitality, and promote the ability to remain in seated meditation for extended periods.
[edit] See also
* Abnormal posturing
* Anatomical terms of location
* Alexander Technique
* Contortionism
* Ergonomics
* Feldenkrais Method
* Gait (human)
* Human anatomical terms
* Mitzvah Technique
* Neutral spine
* Positional asphyxia
* Postural Integration
* Posture release imagery
* Terrestrial locomotion in animals
[edit] References
1. ^ "Position." Dictionary.com, Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 24 October 2007. Reference.com
2. ^ Fritz Wittels, "Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels", SBN 0300064853, Google Books, p.49
3. ^ Abstract Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing, NIH
4. ^ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crouch
5. ^ Engelmann GJ Labor Among Primitive Peoples (1883)
6. ^ Engelmann GJ Labor Among Primitive Peoples (1883)
7. ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/knee-chest+position
8. ^ Hewes GW: ' World distribution of certain postural habits' American Anthropologist, 57, (1955), 231-44
[edit] Further reading
* Hewes GW: The anthropology of posture Scientific American, 196: 122-132 (1957)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Standing
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kneeling
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sitting
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_positions"
Categories: Human body positions
Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded from December 2010 | All articles to be expanded | Use dmy dates from January 2011
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Human body
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the human body as a whole. For components within the human body, see human anatomy.
Human body features displayed on bodies on which body hair and male facial hair has been removed
The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells[1], the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Size, type and proportion
* 2 Systems
o 2.1 Cardiovascular system
o 2.2 Digestive system
o 2.3 Integumentary system
o 2.4 Lymphatic system
o 2.5 Musculoskeletal system
+ 2.5.1 Bones
o 2.6 Nervous system
o 2.7 Reproductive system
* 3 References
* 4 External links
[edit] Size, type and proportion
Main article: Body proportion
Constituents of the human body
In a normal man weighing 60 kg
Constituent Weight [2] Percent of atoms[2]
Oxygen 38.8 kg 25.5 %
Carbon 10.9 kg 9.5 %
Hydrogen 6.0 kg 63 %
Nitrogen 1.9 kg 1.4 %
Calcium 1.2 kg 0.3 %
Phosphorus 0.6 kg 0.2 %
Potassium 0.2 kg 0.06 %
The average height of an adult male human (in developed countries) is about 1.7–1.8 m (5'7" to 5'11") tall and the adult female about 1.6–1.7 m (5'2" to 5'7") tall.[3] This size is firstly determined by genes and secondly by diet. Body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercise[citation needed].
[edit] Systems
Main article: Organ systems
The organ systems of the body include the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, urinary system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, nervous system and reproductive system.
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
[edit] Cardiovascular system
Main articles: Cardiovascular system and Human heart
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals are transferred to the tissues and organs that comprise the body. The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium) pumps only to the lungs for re-oxygenation of the blood.[4][5] The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, which vary in thickness and function.[6]
[edit] Digestive system
Main articles: Digestive system and Human gastrointestinal tract
The digestive system provides the body's means of processing food and transforming nutrients into energy. The digestive system consists of the - buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine ending in the rectum and anus. These parts together are called the alimentary canal (digestive tract).
[edit] Integumentary system
Main article: Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, and is responsible for protecting the body from most physical and environmental factors. The largest organ in the body, is the skin. The integument also includes appendages, primarily the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails and arrectores pili (tiny muscles at the root of each hair that cause goose bumps).
[edit] Lymphatic system
Main articles: Lymphatic system and Immune system
The main function of the lymphatic system is to extract, transport and metabolise lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is very similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function (to carry a body fluid).
[edit] Musculoskeletal system
Main article: Musculoskeletal system
The human musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.
[edit] Bones
Main articles: Human skeleton and List of bones of the human skeleton
An adult human has approximately 206 distinct bones:
Spine and vertebral column (26)
Cranium (8)
Face (14)
Hyoid bone, sternum and ribs (26)
Upper extremities (70)
Lower extremities (62)
[edit] Nervous system
Main articles: Nervous system and Human brain
The nervous system consists of cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself.
[edit] Reproductive system
Main article: Reproductive system
Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum.
The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoa for fertilization of the ovum.
The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category is sperm production and storage. Production takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the female, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens and Cowper's gland.
The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The breasts are also an important reproductive organ during the parenting stage of reproduction.
The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, typically approximately every 28 days, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through a process known as menstruation.
[edit] References
1. ^ Page 21 Inside the human body: using scientific and exponential notation. Author: Greg Roza. Edition: Illustrated. Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 1404233628, 9781404233621. Length: 32pages
2. ^ a b Page 3 in Chemical storylines. Author: George Burton. Edition 2, illustrated. Publisher: Heinemann, 2000. ISBN 0435631195, 9780435631192. Length: 312 pages
3. ^ http://www.human-body.org/
4. ^ "Cardiovascular System". U.S. National Cancer Institute. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16. [dead link]
5. ^ Human Biology and Health. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1993. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
6. ^ "The Cardiovascular System". SUNY Downstate Medical Center. 2008-03-08. http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/cardiovascular.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
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Facial expression
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Photographs from the 1862 book Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine by Guillaume Duchenne. Through electric stimulation, Duchenne determined which muscles were responsible for different facial expressions. Charles Darwin would later republish some of these photographs in his own work on the subject, which compared facial expressions in humans to those in animals.
A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among humans, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures.[1][verification needed]
Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so;[citation needed] a person who is trying to avoid insult to an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might nevertheless show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression.[citation needed] Microexpressions are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.[citation needed]
Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species- anger and extreme contentment being the primary examples. Others, however, are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart.[citation needed]
Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral, because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Universality debate
* 2 Communication
o 2.1 Eye contact
o 2.2 Face overall
* 3 Facial expressions
* 4 The muscles of facial expression
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
Universality debate
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Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals:
...the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements.[citation needed]
Still, up to the mid-20th century most anthropologists believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and could therefore differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin's belief to a large degree.
Ekman's work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins.[2] Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures.
The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population, as well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle as a control group. Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story's emotion.
While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Expressions Ekman found to be universal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Findings on contempt are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized.[3]
More recent studies in 2009 show that people from different cultures are likely to interpret facial expressions in different ways. For example, in Canada, the surprised face can be easily mixed up for the disgusted (or sometimes scared) in Kowloon, Hong Kong. [1][verification needed]
Communication
Eye contact
See also: Eye contact
A person's face, especially their eyes, creates the most obvious and immediate cues that lead to the formation of impressions.[4] This article discusses eyes and facial expressions and the effect they have on interpersonal communication.
A person's eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980.[5] Though Tecce's data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates' perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.[6]
Eye contact is another major aspect of facial communication. Some have hypothesized that this is due to infancy, as humans are one of the few mammals who maintain regular eye contact with their mother while nursing.[7] Eye contact serves a variety of purposes. It regulates conversations, shows interest or involvement, and establishes a connection with others.
Eye contact regulates conversational turn taking, communicates involvement and interest, manifests warmth, and establishes connections with others…[and] it can command attention, be flirtatious, or seem cold and intimidating… [it] invites conversation. Lack of eye contact is usually perceived to be rude or inattentive.[6]
But different cultures have different rules for eye contact. Certain Asian cultures can perceive direct eye contact as a way to signal competitiveness, which in many situations may prove to be inappropriate. Others lower their eyes to signal respect, and similarly eye contact is avoided in Nigeria, and between men and women in Islam;[8] however, in western cultures this could be misinterpreted as lacking self-confidence.
Even beyond the idea of eye contact, eyes communicate more data than a person even consciously expresses. Pupil dilation is a significant cue to a level of excitement, pleasure, or attraction. Dilated pupils indicate greater affection or attraction, while constricted pupils send a colder signal.
Face overall
The face as a whole indicates much about human moods as well. Specific emotional states, such as happiness or sadness, are expressed through a smile or a frown, respectively. There are seven universally recognized emotions shown through facial expressions: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness. Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same. However, the same emotion from a specific facial expression may be recognized by a culture, but the same intensity of emotion may not be perceived. For example, studies have shown that Asian cultures tend to rate images of facial emotions as less intense than non-Asian cultures surveyed. This difference can be explained by display rules, which are culture-specific guidelines for behavior appropriateness. In some countries, it may be more rude to display an emotion than in another. Showing anger toward another member in a group may create problems and disharmony, but if displayed towards a competitive rival, it could create in-group cohesion.[citation needed]
Facial expressions
Some examples of feelings that can be expressed are:
* Anger
* Concentration
* Confusion
* Contempt
* Desire
* Disgust
* Excitement
* Empathy
* Fear
* Flirt
* Frustration
* Glare
* Gross
* Happiness
* Sadness
* Snarl, mainly involving the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
* Surprise
The muscles of facial expression
See also: facial muscles.
* Auricularis anterior muscle
* Buccinator muscle
* Corrugator supercilii muscle
* Depressor anguli oris muscle
* Depressor labii inferioris muscle
* Depressor septi nasi muscle
* Frontalis muscle
* Levator anguli oris muscle
* Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
* Levator labii superioris muscle
* Mentalis muscle
* Modiolus muscle
* Nasalis muscle
* Orbicularis oculi muscle
* Orbicularis oris muscle
* Platysma muscle
* Procerus muscle
* Risorius muscle
* Zygomaticus major muscle
* Zygomaticus minor muscle
See also
* Affect display
* Gurn
* Facial Action Coding System, Paul Ekman
* Laughter, Gelotology, Freitas-Magalhães
* Metacommunicative competence
* Bell's Palsy
* Facial Paralysis
References
1. ^ a b Judith Burns, 14 August 2009, Facial expressions 'not global' - BBC News
2. ^ "FAQS Investigators Guide - Acknowledgements". http://www.face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/guide/FACSIVAk.html. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
3. ^ Matsumoto, David (1992) "More evidence for the universality of a contempt expression". Motivation and Emotion. Springer Netherlands. Volume 16, Number 4 / December, 1992. Abstract
4. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press
5. ^ “In the blink of an eye.” (October 21, 1999). Newsweek.
6. ^ a b Rothwell, J. Dan. In the Company of Others: An Introduction to Communication. United States: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
7. ^ Spitz, Rene A., and Wolf, K. M. “The Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations.” Genetic Psychology Monographs. 34 (August 1946). P. 57-125.
8. ^ Caring for Patients from Different Cultures, by Geri-Ann Galanti, p. 34
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Facial expression
* The Naked Face, August 5, 2002. Annals of Psychology
* Facial Expressions Resources Page contains links to research concerning facial expressions
* Bell's Palsy information site Information for sufferer's of facial palsy/facial paralysis
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Microexpression
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A microexpression is a brief, involuntary facial expression shown on the face of humans according to emotions experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. Unlike regular facial expressions, it is difficult to fake microexpressions. Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, and contempt.[1] They are very brief in duration, lasting only 1/15 to 1/25 of a second.[2]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Wizards Project
* 3 In popular culture
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] History
Microexpressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs. In their 1966 study, Haggard and Isaacs outlined how they discovered these "micromomentary" expressions while "scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, searching for indications of non-verbal communication between therapist and patient" [3]This reprint edition of Ekman and Friesen's breakthrough research on the facial expression of emotion uses scores of photographs showing emotions of surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, anger, happiness, and sadness. The authors of Unmasking the Face explain how to identify these basic emotions correctly and how to tell when people try to mask, simulate, or neutralize them.
In the 1960s, William S. Condon pioneered the study of interactions at the fraction-of-a-second level. In his famous research project, he scrutinized a four-and-a-half-second film segment frame by frame, where each frame represented 1/25th second. After studying this film segment for a year and a half, he discerned interactional micromovements, such as the wife moving her shoulder exactly as the husband's hands came up, which combined yielded microrhythms.[4]
Years after Condon's study, American psychologist John Gottman began video-recording living relationships to study how couples interact. By studying participants' facial expressions, Gottman was able to correlate expressions with which relationships would last and which would not.[5] Gottman's 2002 paper makes no claims to accuracy in terms of binary classification, and is instead a regression analysis of a two factor model where skin conductance levels and oral history narratives encodings are the only two statistically significant variables. Facial expressions using Ekman's encoding scheme were not statistically significant.[6] In Malcom Gladwell's book "Blink", which was written many years after "Emotional Intelligence" already brought Gottman's work to the attention of the public, Gottman states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive to a marriage: defensiveness, stonewalling, criticism, and contempt. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the most important of them all.[7]
[edit] Wizards Project
Main article: Wizards Project
Most people do not seem to perceive microexpressions in themselves or others. In the Wizards Project, previously called the "Diogenes Project", Drs. Paul Ekman and Maureen O'Sullivan studied the ability of people to detect deception. Of the thousands of people tested, only a select few were able to accurately detect when someone was lying. The Wizards Project researchers named these people "Truth Wizards". To date, the Wizards Project has identified just over 50 people with this ability after testing nearly 20,000 people.[8] Truth Wizards use microexpressions, among many other cues, to determine if someone is being truthful. Scientists hope by studying wizards that they can further advance the techniques used to identify deception.
[edit] In popular culture
This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivial references. (June 2010)
Microexpressions and associated science are the central premise for the 2009 television series Lie to Me, in which the main character uses his acute awareness of microexpressions to determine when someone is lying or hiding something.
They also play a central role in Robert Ludlum's posthumously published The Ambler Warning, in which the central character, Harrison Ambler, is an intelligence agent who is able to see them. Similarly, one of the main characters in Alastair Reynolds science fiction novel, Absolution Gap, Aura, can easily read microexpressions.
On Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Detective Robert Goren was adept in detecting microexpressions.
[edit] See also
* Nonverbal communication
* Body language
* Facecrime
* Facial Action Coding System
[edit] References
1. ^ P. Ekman, “Facial Expressions of Emotion: an Old Controversy and New Findings”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B335:63--69, 1992
2. ^ http://face.paulekman.com/aboutmett2.aspx
3. ^ Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micro-momentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
4. ^ http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1966/10000/Sound_Film_Analysis_of_Normal_and_Pathological.5.aspx
5. ^ http://www.gottman.com/49853/Research-FAQs.html
6. ^ Gottman, J. and Levenson, R.W., (2002). A Two-Factor Model for Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce: Exploratory Analyses Using 14-Year Longitudinal Data, Family Process, 41 (1), p. 83-96
7. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink, Chapter 1, Section 3, The Importance of Contempt
8. ^ Camilleri, J., Truth Wizard knows when you've been lying", Chicago Sun-Times, January 21, 2009
Sound Film Analysis of Normal and Pathological Behavior Patterns, CONDON, W. S.; OGSTON, W. D., Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 143(4):338-347, October 1966.
[edit] External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (June 2010)
* Freitas-Magalhaes' Personal Site
* Paul Ekman's Personal Site
* Dr. David Matsumoto
* Free Micro Expression Training
* J.J. Newberry, director
* Janine Driver, director
* Joe Navarro, director
* Maureen O'Sullivan's Blog
* Lying and Deceit: The Wizards Project
* Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors, MSNBC.com
* Lying Is Exposed By Microexpressions We Can't Control, Science Daily, May 2006
* The Naked Face
* Facial Expressions Test based on "The Micro Expression Training Tool"
* "A Look Tells All" in Scientific American Mind October 2006
* Microexpressions Complicate Face Reading, by Medical News Today August 2007
* Deception Detection, American Psychological Association
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William S. Condon
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William S. Condon is a researcher who investigated human interactions. He developed the concept of situation synchrony.[1]
[edit] Cultural references
In Malcolm Gladwell's 2000 book, The Tipping Point, he cites Condon's research to help explain why some "Salesman" types may contribute more to word-of-mouth cultural 'epidemics'.
Some other reference is made in Flora Davis's book "Inside Intuition-What we know about Non-Verbal Communication" published in New York by McGraw-Hill Books. Which talks about the study he did on Interactional Syncrony. [2]
[edit] Works
* Condon, W. S. (1996). Sound-Film Microanalysis: A Means for Correlating Brain and Behavior in Persons with Autism. Proceedings of the 1996 Autism Society of America National Conference, Milwaukee, WI, July 1996, 221–225.
* Condon, W. S. (1985). Sound-Film Microanalysis: A Means for Correlating Brain and Behavior. In Frank Duffy and Norman Geschwind (Eds.), Dyslexia: A Neuroscientific Approach to Clinical Evaluation, Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 123–156.
* Condon, W. S. (1974) Cultural Microrhythms. In M. Davis (Ed.), Interaction Rhythms. New York: Human Sciences, 1982.
* Condon, W. S. (1971). Speech and Body Motion Synchrony of the Speaker-Hearer. In D. L. Horton and J. J. Jenkins (Eds.), Perception of Language, Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 150–173.
* Condon, W. S. (1974). Multiple response to sound in autistic-like children. Proceedings of the National Society for Autistic Children Conference, Washington, DC, June 1974.
* Condon, W. S. and Sander, L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech. Integrated participation and language acquisition. Science 183:99.
* Condon, W. S. (1963) Synchrony units and the communicational hierarchy. Paper presented at Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinics, Pittsburgh, PA
[edit] References
1. ^ Interactional Synchrony Studies, Inc.
2. ^ Cómo descifrar
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Body language
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For other uses, see Body language (disambiguation).
This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Sociology or the Sociology Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2008)
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This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (April 2010)
A study in body language.
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely subconsciously.
John Borg attests that human communication consists of 93 percent body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves[1]; however, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose 1960s work is the source of these statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings[2] (see Misinterpretation of Mehrabian's rule). Others assert that "Research has suggested that between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior."[3]
Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication, among many other cues.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Understanding body language
o 1.1 Physical expression
* 2 How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?
* 3 Body language and space
* 4 Unintentional gestures
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
[edit] Understanding body language
The technique of "reading" people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood.[citation needed] It is important to note that while some indicators of emotion (e.g. smiling/laughing when happy, frowning/crying when sad) are largely universal[citation needed][4], however in the 1990s Ekman expanded his list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles.[13] The newly included emotions are: 1. Amusement 2. Contempt 3. Contentment 4. Embarrassment 5. Excitement 6. Guilt 7. Pride in achievement 8. Relief 9. Satisfaction 10. Sensory pleasure 11. Shame
Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signalers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions. Examples would include yawning (sleepiness), showing lack of interest (sexual interest/survival interest), attempts to change the topic (fight or flight drivers).
[edit] Physical expression
Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown[citation needed], it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.[5]
* One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest.[citation needed] This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold, which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.
* Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take their eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact can also be a secondary and misleading gesture because cultural norms about it vary widely. If a person is looking at you, but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact, a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also, there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other than to the forehead, it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other than to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.[citation needed]
* Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.[citation needed]
* Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.[citation needed]
* Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.[citation needed]
* Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying. Recently[when?], evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than excessive blinking. [1]
Some people use and understand body language differently, or not at all.[citation needed] Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.
[edit] How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?
Some researchers[who?] put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication when it could be at around 50-65 percent. Different studies have found differing amounts, with some studies showing that facial communication is believed 4.3 times more often than verbal meaning, and another finding that verbal communication in a flat tone is 4 times more likely to be understood than a pure facial expression.[citation needed] Albert Mehrabian is noted for finding a 7%-38%-55% rule, supposedly denoting how much communication was conferred by words, tone, and body language. However he was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes.
[edit] Body language and space
Main article: Personal space
Interpersonal space refers to the psychological "bubble" that we can imagine exists when someone is standing too close to us. Research has revealed that there are four different zones of interpersonal space.
* The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about eighteen inches (46 cm) apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we reserve for lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends, and also pet animals.
* The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length away; starting around eighteen inches (46 cm) from our person and ending about four feet (122 cm) away. We use personal distance in conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions.
* The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area that ranges from four to eight feet (1.2 m - 2.4 m) away from you. Social distance is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances.
* The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything more than eight feet (2.4 m) away from you. This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.[6]
[edit] Unintentional gestures
Recently[when?], there has been huge interest in studying human behavioral clues that could be useful for developing an interactive and adaptive human-machine system. Unintentional human gestures such as making an eye rub, a chin rest, a lip touch, a nose itch, a head scratch, an ear scratch, crossing arms, and a finger lock have been found conveying some useful information in specific context. Some researchers[who?] have tried to extract such gestures in a specific context of educational applications.[citation needed] In poker games, such gestures are referred to as "tells" and are useful to players for detecting deception or behavioral patterns in an opponent(s).
[edit] See also
* Posture (psychology)
[edit] References
1. ^ Borg, John. Body Language: 7 Easy Lessons to Master the Silent Language. Prentice Hall life, 2008
2. ^ More or Less. BBC Radio 4. 13:30–14:00.
3. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 133
4. ^ see also wiki on "Lie to Me"
5. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 137
6. ^ Engleberg,Isa N. Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies. My Communication Kit Series, 2006. page 140-141
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Body language
* Body language is of particular importance in large groups by Tarnow, E. published 1997
* Hess Pupil Dilation Findings: Sex or Novelty? Social Behavior and Personality , 1998 by Aboyoun, Darren C, Dabbs, James M Jr
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Nonverbal communication
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Non verbal Communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. i.e., language is not the only source of communication, there are other means also. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch (Haptic communication), by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Meaning can also be communicated through object or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture), symbols, and icons (or graphics). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Dance is also regarded as a form of nonverbal communication. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page.
However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.[1]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Verbal vs. oral communication
* 2 History
* 3 Arbitrariness
* 4 Characteristics of nonverbal communication
* 5 Clothing and bodily characteristics
* 6 Physical environment
o 6.1 Proxemics: physical space in communication
o 6.2 Chronemics: time in communication
+ 6.2.1 Monochronic Time
+ 6.2.2 Polychronic Time
* 7 Movement and body position
o 7.1 Kinesics
o 7.2 Posture
o 7.3 Gesture
o 7.4 Haptics: touching in communication
* 8 Eye gaze
* 9 Paralanguage: nonverbal cues of the voice
* 10 Functions of nonverbal communication
o 10.1 Concealing deception
* 11 The relation between verbal and nonverbal communication
o 11.1 The relative importance of verbal and nonverbal communication
o 11.2 Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication
+ 11.2.1 Repeating
+ 11.2.2 Conflicting
+ 11.2.3 Complementing
+ 11.2.4 Substituting
+ 11.2.5 Regulating
+ 11.2.6 Accenting/Moderating
* 12 Dance and nonverbal communication
* 13 Clinical studies of nonverbal communication
* 14 Difficulties with nonverbal communication
* 15 Footnotes
* 16 See also
* 17 References
* 18 External links
[edit] Verbal vs. oral communication
Scholars in this field usually use a strict sense of the term "verbal", meaning "of or concerned with words", and do not use "verbal communication" as a synonym for oral or spoken communication. Thus, vocal sounds that are not considered to be words, such as a grunt, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are generally understood as forms of verbal communication, as both make use of words — although like speech, both may contain paralinguistic elements and often occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel — sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Nonverbal communication is important as:
"When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal." (Givens, 2000, p. 4)
[edit] History
The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). He argued that all mammals show emotion reliably in their faces. Studies now range across a number of fields, including , linguistics, semiotics and social psychology.
[edit] Arbitrariness
While much nonverbal communication is based on arbitrary symbols, which differ from culture to culture, a large proportion is also to some extent iconic and may be universally understood. Paul Ekman's influential 1960s studies of facial expression determined that expressions of anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise are universal.
[edit] Characteristics of nonverbal communication
1. Non-verbal messages primarily communicate emotions, attitudes.
2. Non-verbal cues substitute for, contradict, emphasize or regulate verbal message.
3. Non-verbal cues are often ambiguous.
4. Non-verbal cues are continuous.
5. Non-verbal cues are more reliable.
6. Non-verbal cues are culture bound.
[edit] Clothing and bodily characteristics
Uniforms have both a functional and a communicative purpose. This man's clothes identify him as male and a police officer; his badges and shoulder sleeve insignia give information about his job and rank.
Elements such as physique, height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, odors, and clothing send nonverbal messages during interaction. For example, a study[2], carried out in Vienna, Austria, of the clothing worn by women attending discothèques showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were in town without their partners) motivation for sex, and levels of sexual hormones, were correlated with aspects of the clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed, and the presence of sheer clothing, e.g. at the arms. Thus, to some degree, clothing sent signals about interest in courtship.
Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed & Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller, for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking.
[edit] Physical environment
Environmental factors such as furniture, architectural style, interior decorating, lighting conditions, colors, temperature, noise, and music affect the behavior of communicators during interaction. The furniture itself can be seen as a nonverbal message[1]
[edit] Proxemics: physical space in communication
Proxemics is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is interpreted The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures[3] and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.
The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space.[4] Hargie & Dickson (2004, p. 69) identify 4 such territories:
1. Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owner’s permission.
2. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no “right” to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there.
3. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space.
4. Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it.
[edit] Chronemics: time in communication
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. The way we perceive time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for communication. Time perceptions include punctuality and willingness to wait, the speed of speech and how long people are willing to listen. The timing and frequency of an action as well as the tempo and rhythm of communications within an interaction contributes to the interpretation of nonverbal messages. Gudykunst & Ting-Toomey (1988) identified 2 dominant time patterns:
[edit] Monochronic Time
A monochronic time system means that things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small units. Under this system time is scheduled, arranged and managed.
The United States is considered a monochronic society. This perception of time is learned and rooted in the Industrial Revolution, where "factory life required the labor force to be on hand and in place at an appointed hour" (Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999, p. 238). For Americans, time is a precious resource not to be wasted or taken lightly. "We buy time, save time, spend time and make time. Our time can be broken down into years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds and even milliseconds. We use time to structure both our daily lives and events that we are planning for the future. We have schedules that we must follow: appointments that we must go to at a certain time, classes that start and end at certain times, work schedules that start and end at certain times, and even our favorite TV shows, that start and end at a certain time.” [1]
As communication scholar Edward T. Hall wrote regarding the American’s viewpoint of time in the business world, “the schedule is sacred.” Hall says that for monochronic cultures, such as the American culture, “time is tangible” and viewed as a commodity where “time is money” or “time is wasted.” The result of this perspective is that Americans and other monochronic cultures, such as the German and Swiss, place a paramount value on schedules, tasks and “getting the job done.” These cultures are committed to regimented schedules and may view those who do not subscribe to the same perception of time as disrespectful.
Monochronic cultures include Germany, Canada, Switzerland, United States, and Scandinavia.
[edit] Polychronic Time
A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike European-Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Native American, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychronic system of time.
These cultures are much less focused on the preciseness of accounting for each and every moment. As Raymond Cohen notes, polychronic cultures are deeply steeped in tradition rather than in tasks—a clear difference from their monochronic counterparts. Cohen notes that "Traditional societies have all the time in the world. The arbitrary divisions of the clock face have little saliency in cultures grounded in the cycle of the seasons, the invariant pattern of rural life, and the calendar of religious festivities" (Cohen, 1997, p. 34).
Instead, their culture is more focused on relationships, rather than watching the clock. They have no problem being “late” for an event if they are with family or friends, because the relationship is what really matters. As a result, polychronic cultures have a much less formal perception of time. They are not ruled by precise calendars and schedules. Rather, “cultures that use the polychronic time system often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously so keeping on schedule is an impossibility.” [2]
Polychronic cultures include Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Mexico, Philippines, India, and many in Africa.
[edit] Movement and body position
[edit] Kinesics
Information about the relationship and affect of these two skaters is communicated by their body posture, eye gaze and physical contact.
The term "Kinesics" was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement. Part of Birdwhistell's work involved making film of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. The study was joined by several other anthropologists, including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson.
[edit] Posture
Posture can be used to determine a participant’s degree of attention or involvement, the difference in status between communicators, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator.[5] Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships suggest that mirror-image congruent postures, where one person’s left side is parallel to the other person’s right side, leads to favorable perception of communicators and positive speech; a person who displays a forward lean or a decrease in a backwards lean also signify positive sentiment during communication.[6] Posture is understood through such indicators as direction of lean, body orientation, arm position, and body openness.
[edit] Gesture
A wink is a type of gesture.
A gesture is a non-vocal bodily movement intended to express meaning. They may be articulated with the hands, arms or body, and also include movements of the head, face and eyes, such as winking, nodding, or rolling ones' eyes. The boundary between language and gesture, or verbal and nonverbal communication, can be hard to identify.
Although the study of gesture is still in its infancy, some broad categories of gestures have been identified by researchers. The most familiar are the so-called emblems or quotable gestures. These are conventional, culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words, such as the hand-wave used in the US for "hello" and "goodbye". A single emblematic gesture can have a very different significance in different cultural contexts, ranging from complimentary to highly offensive.[9] For a list of emblematic gestures, see list of gestures.
Another broad category of gestures comprises those gestures used spontaneously when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with speech. The so-called beat gestures are used in conjunction with speech and keep time with the rhythm of speech to emphasize certain words or phrases. These types of gestures are integrally connected to speech and thought processes.[10] Other spontaneous gestures used when we speak are more contentful and may echo or elaborate the meaning of the co-occurring speech.For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing may be synchronous with the utterance, "He threw the ball right into the window."[10]
Gestural languages such as American Sign Language and its regional siblings operate as complete natural languages that are gestural in modality. They should not be confused with finger spelling, in which a set of emblematic gestures are used to represent a written alphabet.
Gestures can also be categorized as either speech-independent or speech-related. Speech-independent gestures are dependent upon culturally accepted interpretation and have a direct verbal translation.[7] A wave hello or a peace sign are examples of speech-independent gestures. Speech related gestures are used in parallel with verbal speech; this form of nonverbal communication is used to emphasize the message that is being communicated. Speech related gestures are intended to provide supplemental information to a verbal message such as pointing to an object of discussion.
Gestures such as Mudra (Sanskrit) encode sophisticated information accessible to initiates that are privy to the subtlety of elements encoded in their tradition.
[edit] Haptics: touching in communication
A high five is an example of communicative touch.
Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slapping, high fives, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, and scratching.[7] These behaviors are referred to as "adapter" or "tells" and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a communicator. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly dependent upon the context of the situation, the relationship between communicators, and the manner of touch.[8]
Humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of non-verbal actions known as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are: smiling, touching, open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are known to be high contact cultures.
Haptic communication is the means by which people and other animals communicate via touching. Touch is an extremely important sense for humans; as well as providing information about surfaces and textures it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (such as kissing) and platonic (such as hugging or tickling).
Touch is the earliest sense to develop in the fetus. The development of an infant's haptic senses and how it relates to the development of the other senses such as vision has been the target of much research. Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch, even if they retain sight and hearing. Babies who can perceive through touch, even without sight and hearing, tend to fare much better. Touch can be thought of as a basic sense in that most life forms have a response to being touched, while only a subset have sight and hearing.
In chimpanzees the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers. Harry Harlow conducted a controversial study involving rhesus monkeys and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother", a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in softer terry cloth which provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere wire mother.(Harlow,1958)
Touching is treated differently from one country to another and socially acceptable levels of touching vary from one culture to another (Remland, 2009). In the Thai culture, for example, touching someone's head may be thought rude. Remland and Jones (1995) studied groups of people communicating and found that in England (8%), France (5%) and the Netherlands (4%) touching was rare compared to their Italian (14%) and Greek (12.5%) sample.[9]
Striking, pushing, pulling, pinching, kicking, strangling and hand-to-hand fighting are forms of touch in the context of physical abuse. In a sentence like "I never touched him/her" or "Don't you dare to touch him/her" the term touch may be meant as euphemism for either physical abuse or sexual touching. To 'touch oneself' is a euphemism for masturbation.
The word touch has many other metaphorical uses. One can be emotionally touched, referring to an action or object that evokes an emotional response. To say "I was touched by your letter" implies the reader felt a strong emotion when reading it. Usually does not include anger, disgust or other forms of emotional rejection unless used in a sarcastic manner.
Stoeltje (2003) wrote about how Americans are ‘losing touch’ with this important communication skill. During a study conducted by University of Miami School of Medicine, Touch Research Institutes, American children were said to be more aggressive than their French counterparts while playing at a playground. It was noted that French women touched their children more
[edit] Eye gaze
The study of the role of eyes in nonverbal communication is sometimes referred to as "oculesics". Eye contact can indicate interest, attention, and involvement. Studies have found that people use their eyes to indicate their interest and with more than the frequently recognized actions of winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. Eye contact is an event when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time. It is a form of nonverbal communication and has a large influence on social behavior. Frequency and interpretation of eye contact vary between cultures and species. Eye aversion is the avoidance of eye contact. Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. [8] Gaze comprises the actions of looking while talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze, and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.[10]
[edit] Paralanguage: nonverbal cues of the voice
Paralanguage (sometimes called vocalics) is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.
The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification system which consists of the voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.[11]
* The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.
* The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique "voice print".
* Vocalization consists of three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates. Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning. A voice qualifier is the style of delivering a message - for example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as opposed to whispering "Hey stop that". Vocal segregates such as "uh-huh" notify the speaker that the listener is listening.
[edit] Functions of nonverbal communication
Argyle (1970) [12] put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations [13].
Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:[14]
* Express emotions
* Express interpersonal attitudes
* To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners
* Self-presentation of one’s personality
* Rituals (greetings)
[edit] Concealing deception
Nonverbal communication makes it easier to lie without being revealed. This is the conclusion of a study where people watched made-up interviews of persons accused of having stolen a wallet. The interviewees lied in about 50% of the cases. People had access to either written transcripts of the interviews, or audio tape recordings, or video recordings. The more clues that were available to those watching, the larger was the trend that interviewees who actually lied were judged to be truthful. That is, people that are clever at lying can use voice tone and face expression to give the impression that they are truthful [15].
However, there are many cited examples of 'leakage' cues[16], delivered via nonverbal (paraverbal and visual) communication channels, through which deceivers unwittingly provide clues to their concealed knowledge or actual opinions. Most studies examining the leakage hypothesis from visual cues rely upon hand coding of video footage (c.f. Vrij, 2008[17]), a method that is open to coding errors. A recent study, however, demonstrated clear bodily movement differences between truth-tellers and liars using an automated body motion capture system: truth-tellers demonstrated greater overall bodily movement compared to liars in two different situations[18].
[edit] The relation between verbal and nonverbal communication
[edit] The relative importance of verbal and nonverbal communication
Do you like kitty cats?This was investigated by Albert Mehrabian and reported in two papers [19][20]. The latter paper concluded: "It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal, vocal, and facial attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects - with coefficients of .07, .38, and .55, respectively." This "rule" that clues from spoken words, from the voice tone, and from the facial expression, contribute 7 %, 38 %, and 55 % respectively to the total meaning, is widely cited. It is presented on all types of popular courses with statements like "scientists have found out that . . . ". In reality, however, it is extremely weakly founded. First, it is based on the judgment of the meaning of single tape-recorded words, i.e. a very artificial context. Second, the figures are obtained by combining results from two different studies which potentially cannot be combined. Third, it relates only to the communication of positive versus negative emotions. Fourth, it relates only to women, as men did not participate in the study.
Since then, other studies have analysed the relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal signals under more naturalistic situations. Argyle [12] , using video tapes shown to the subjects, analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et al.[21] had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound. Thus, the relative importance of spoken words and facial expressions may be very different in studies using different set-ups.
[edit] Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication
When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/moderating.
[edit] Repeating
"Repeating" consists of using gestures to strengthen a verbal message, such as pointing to the object of discussion.[22]
[edit] Conflicting
Verbal and nonverbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration.[23] When mixed messages occur, nonverbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation; great attention is placed on bodily movements and positioning when people perceive mixed messages during interactions.
[edit] Complementing
Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each other. Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange.[24]
[edit] Substituting
Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for communication of a message. People learn to identify facial expressions, body movements, and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions. Nonverbal signals can be used without verbal communication to convey messages; when nonverbal behavior does not effectively communicate a message, verbal methods are used to enhance understanding.[25]
[edit] Regulating
Nonverbal behavior also regulates our conversations. For example, touching someone's arm can signal that you want to talk next or interrupt.[25]
[edit] Accenting/Moderating
Nonverbal signals are used to alter the interpretation of verbal messages. Touch, voice pitch, and gestures are some of the tools people use to accent or amplify the message that is sent; nonverbal behavior can also be used to moderate or tone down aspects of verbal messages as well.[26] For example, a person who is verbally expressing anger may accent the verbal message by shaking a fist.
[edit] Dance and nonverbal communication
Dance is a form of nonverbal communication that requires the same underlying faculty in the brain for conceptualization, creativity and memory as does verbal language in speaking and writing. Means of self-expression, both forms have vocabulary (steps and gestures in dance), grammar (rules for putting the vocabulary together) and meaning. Dance, however, assembles (choreographs) these elements in a manner that more often resembles poetry, with its ambiguity and multiple, symbolic and elusive meanings.
[edit] Clinical studies of nonverbal communication
From 1977 to 2004, the influence of disease and drugs on receptivity of nonverbal communication was studied by teams at three separate medical schools using a similar paradigm.[27].Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, Yale University and Ohio State University had subjects observe gamblers at a slot machine awaiting payoffs. The amount of this payoff was read by nonverbal transmission prior to reinforcement. This technique was developed by and the studies directed by psychologist, Dr. Robert E. Miller and psychiatrist, Dr. A. James Giannini. These groups reported diminished receptive ability in heroin addicts [28] and phencyclidine abusers[29] was contrasted with increased receptivity in cocaine addicts. Men with major depression[30] manifested significantly decreased ability to read nonverbal cues when compared with euthymic men.
Freitas-Magalhaes studied the effect of smile in the treatment of depression and concluded that depressive states decrease when you smile more often.[31]
Obese women[32] and women with premenstrual syndrome[33] were found to also possess diminished abilities to read these cues. In contradistinction, men with bipolar disorder possessed increased abilities.[34]. A woman with total paralysis of the nerves of facial expression was found unable to transmit any nonverbal facial cues whatsoever.[35]. Because of the changes in levels of accuracy on the levels of nonverbal receptivity, the members of the research team hypothesized a biochemical site in the brain which was operative for reception of nonverbal cues. Because certain drugs enhanced ability while others diminished it, the neurotransmitters dopamine and endorphin were considered to be likely etiological candidate. Based on the available data, however, the primary cause and primary effect could not be sorted out on the basis of the paradigm employed[36].
A byproduct of the work of the Pittsburgh/Yale/ Ohio State team was an investigation of the role of nonverbal facial cues in heterosexual nondate rape. Males who were serial rapists of adult women were studied for nonverbal receptive abilities. Their scores were the highest of any subgroup.[37] Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped on at least two occasions by different perpetrators had a highly significant impairment in their abilities to read these cues in either male or female senders.[38] These results were troubling, indicating a predator-prey model. The authors did note that whatever the nature of these preliminary findings the responsibility of the rapist was in no manner or level, diminished.
The final target of study for this group was the medical students they taught. Medical students at Ohio State University, Ohio University and Northest Ohio Medical College were invited to serve as subjects. Students indicating a preference for the specialties of family practice, psychiatry, pediatrics and obstetrics-gynecology achieved significantly higher levels of accuracy than those students who planned to train as surgeons, radiologists, or pathologists. Internal medicine and plastic surgery candidates scored at levels near the mean[39].
[edit] Difficulties with nonverbal communication
People vary in their ability to send and receive nonverbal communication. On average, to a moderate degree, women are better at nonverbal communication than are men [40][41][42][43].
Measurements of the ability to communicate nonverbally and the capacity to feel empathy have shown that the two abilities are independent of each other [44].
For people who have relatively large difficulties with nonverbal communication, this can pose significant challenges, especially in interpersonal relationships. There exist resources that are tailored specifically to these people, which attempt to assist those in understanding information which comes more easily to others. A specific group of persons that face these challenges are those with autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome.
[edit] Footnotes
1. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2002, p.7
2. ^ Grammer, Karl, Renninger, Leeann & Fischer, Bettina (2004): Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: is she dressed to impress? Journal of sexual research 41 (1): 66-74.
3. ^ Segerstrale & Molnar, 1997, p.235
4. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.8
5. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.9
6. ^ Bull, 1987, pp. 17-25
7. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p. 9
8. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.10
9. ^ Remland, M.S. & Jones, T.S. (2005). Interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch: The effect of culture, gender and age. Journal of Social Psychology,135, 281-297
10. ^ Argyle, 1988, pp. 153-155
11. ^ Floyd and Guerrero, 2006
12. ^ a b Argyle, Michael, Veronica Salter, Hilary Nicholson, Marylin Williams & Philip Burgess (1970): The communication of inferior and superior attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. British journal of social and clinical psychology 9: 222-231.
13. ^ Rosenthal, Robert & Bella M. DePaulo (1979): Sex differences in accommodation in nonverbal communication. Pp. 68-103 i R. Rosenthal (ed.): Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
14. ^ Argyle, 1988, p.5
15. ^ Burgoon, J. K., J. P. Blair & R.E.Strom (2008): Cognitive biases and nonverbal cue availability in detecting deception. Human communication research 34: 572-599.
16. ^ Ekman, P., & Friesen, W.V.: Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception: Psychiatry, vol. 32, pp. 88-106 (1969).
17. ^ Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.
18. ^ Eapen, N.M., Baron, S., Street, C.N.H., & Richardson, D.C. (2010). The bodily movements of liars. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.) Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Portland, OR: Cognitive Science Society
19. ^ Mehrabian, Albert & Morton Wiener (1967): Decoding of inconsistent communications. Journal of personality and social psychology 6(1): 109-114.
20. ^ Mehrabian, Albert & Susan R. Ferris (1967): Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of consulting psychology 31 (3): 248-252.
21. ^ Christopher K. Hsee, Elaine Hatfield & Claude Chemtob (1992): Assessments of the emotional states of others: Conscious judgments versus emotional contagion. Journal of social and clinical psychology 14 (2): 119-128.
22. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.12
23. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.13
24. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.14
25. ^ a b Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.16
26. ^ Knapp & Hall, 2007, p.17
27. ^ RE Miller, AJ Giannini, JM Levine. Nonverbal communication in men with a cooperative conditioning task. Journal of Social Psychology. 103:101-108, 1977
28. ^ AJ Giannini, BT Jones. Decreased reception of nonverbal cues in heroin addicts. Journal of Psychology. 119(5):455-459, 1985.
29. ^ AJ Giannini. RK Bowman, JD Giannini. Perception of nonverbal facial cues in chronic phencyclidine abusers. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 89:72-76, 1999
30. ^ AJ Giannini, DJ Folts, SM Melemis RH Loiselle. Depressed men's lowered ability to interpret nonverbal cues. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 81:555-559, 1995.
31. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A., & Castro, E. (2009). Facial Expression: The Effect of the Smile in the Treatment of Depression. Empirical Study with Portuguese Subjects. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (127-140). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.
32. ^ AJ Giannini, L DiRusso, DJ Folts, G Cerimele. Nonverbal communication in moderately obese females. A pilot study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2:111-1115, 1990.
33. ^ AJ Giannini, LM Sorger, DM Martin, L Bates. Journal of Psychology. 122:591-594, 1988.
34. ^ AJ Giannini, DJ Folts, L Fiedler. Enhanced encoding of nonverval cues in male bipolars. Journal of Psychology. 124:557-561, 1990.
35. ^ AJ Giannini,D Tamulonis,MC Giannini, RH Loiselle, G Spirtos,. Defective response to social cues in Mobius syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders. 172174-175, 1984.
36. ^ AJ Giannini. Suggestions for future studies of nonverbal facial cues. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 81:555-558,1995
37. ^ AJ Giannini,KW Fellows. Enhanced interpretation of nonverbal cues in male rapists. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 15:153-158,1986.
38. ^ AJ Giannini, WA Price, JL Kniepple. Decreased interpretation of nonverbal cues in rape victims. International Journal of Pschiatry in Medicine. 16:389-394,1986.
39. ^ AJ Giannini,JD Giannini, RK Bowman. Measrement of nonverbal receptive abilities in medical students. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 90:1145-1150, 2000
40. ^ Judith A. Hall (1978): Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological bulletin 85: 845-857.
41. ^ Judith A. Hall (1984): Nonverbal sex differences. Communication accuracy and expressive style. 207 pp. Johns Hopkins University Press.
42. ^ Judith A. Hall, Jason D. Carter & Terrence G. Horgan (2000): Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. Pp. 97 - 117 i A. H. Fischer (ed.): Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
43. ^ Agneta H. Fischer & Anthony S. R. Manstead (2000): The relation between gender and emotions in different cultures. Pp. 71 - 94 i A. H. Fischer (ed.): Gender and emotion: social psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
44. ^ Judith A. Hall (1979): Gender, gender roles, and nonverbal communication skills. Pp. 32-67 in R. Rosenthal (ed.): Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
[edit] See also
* Albert Mehrabian
* Asemic writing
* Behavioral communication
* Body language
* Chinese number gestures
* Desmond Morris
* Doctrine of mental reservation
* Forgetfulness
* Intercultural competence
* Joe Navarro
* Metacommunicative competence
* Microexpression
* Neuro-linguistic programming
* Nunchi
* People skills
* Regulatory Focus Theory
* Semiotics
* Silent service code
* Twilight language
* Unconscious communication
[edit] References
* Andersen, Peter. (2007). Nonverbal Communication: Forms and Functions (2nd ed.) Waveland Press.
* Andersen, Peter. (2004). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Body Language. Alpha Publishing.
* Argyle, Michael. (1988). Bodily Communication (2nd ed.) Madison: International Universities Press. ISBN 0-416-38140-5
* Bull, Peter E. (1987). Posture and Gesture (Vol. 16). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-031332-9
* Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., & Floyd, K. (2011), Nonverbal communication, Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [1]
* Floyd, K., Guerrero, L. K. (2006), Nonverbal communication in close relationships, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
* Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of Human Smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 972-8830-59-9
* Givens, D.B. (2000) Body speak: what are you saying? Successful Meetings (October) 51
* Guerrero, L. K., DeVito, J. A., Hecht, M. L. (Eds.) (1999). The nonverbal communication reader. (2nd ed.), Lone Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. [2]
* Gudykunst, W.B. & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988) Culture and Interpersonal Communication. California: Sage Publications Inc.
* Hanna, Judith L. (1987). To Dance Is Human: A Theory of Nonverbal Communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Hargie, O. & Dickson, D. (2004) Skilled Interpersonal Communication: Research, Theory and Practice. Hove: Routledge.
* Knapp, Mark L., & Hall, Judith A. (2007) Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. (5th ed.) Wadsworth: Thomas Learning. ISBN 0-15-506372-3
* Melamed, J. & Bozionelos, N. (1992) Managerial promotion and height. Psychological Reports, 71 pp. 587–593.
* Remland, Martin S. (2009). Nonverbal communication in everyday life. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
* Ottenheimer, H.J. (2007), The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology, Kansas State: Thomson Wadsworth.
* Segerstrale, Ullica., & Molnar, Peter (Eds.). (1997). Nonverbal Communication: Where Nature Meets Culture. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-2179-1
* Zysk, Wolfgang (2004), ″Körpersprache - Eine neue Sicht″, Doctoral Dissertation 2004, University Duisburg-Essen (Germany).
[edit] External links
* "Credibility, Respect, and Power: Sending the Right Nonverbal Signals" by Debra Stein
* Advanced Body Language by Roman Smirnov, 2008
* Online Nonverbal Library with more than 500 free available articles on this topic.
* The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, Signs & Body Language Cues by David B. Givens
* "Psychology Today Nonverbal Communication Blog posts" by Joe Navarro
* "NVC Portal - A useful portal providing information on Nonverbal Communication"
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication"
Categories: Nonverbal communication
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Human positions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Human position)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Pose" redirects here. For other uses, see Pose (disambiguation).
Human positions refers to the different positions that the human body can take.
There are several synonyms that refer to the human position, often used interchangeably, but having specific flavors.[1]
* Position is a general term for a configuration of the human body
* Posture means the intentionally or habitually assumed position
* Pose implies artistic or aesthetic intention of the position
* Attitude refers to postures assumed for purpose of imitation, intentional or not, as well as in some standard collocations in reference to some distinguished types of posture: "Freud never assumed a fencer's attitude, yet almost all took him for a swordsman."[2]
* Bearing refers to the manner, of the posture, as well as of gestures and other aspects of the conduct taking place
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Basic positions
o 1.1 Standing
o 1.2 Sitting
o 1.3 Squatting
o 1.4 Lying
o 1.5 Kneeling
o 1.6 Crouching
o 1.7 All-fours
* 2 Atypical positions
* 3 Bondage positions
* 4 Childbirth positions
* 5 Dance positions
* 6 Defecation positions
* 7 Eating positions
* 8 Heat escape lessening position
* 9 Medical positions
* 10 Recovery position
* 11 Resting positions
* 12 Sex positions
* 13 Shooting positions
* 14 Sleeping positions
* 15 Submissive positions
* 16 Urination positions
* 17 Yoga positions
* 18 See also
* 19 References
* 20 Further reading
[edit] Basic positions
While not moving, a human is usually in one of the following basic positions.
[edit] Standing
Main article: Standing
Standing couple, January 1873
Although quiet standing appears to be static, modern instrumentation shows it to be a process of rocking from the ankle in the sagittal plane. The sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an inverted pendulum.[3] There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control this movement, e.g. a spring action in muscles, higher control from the nervous system or core muscles.
Although standing per se isn't dangerous, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition is orthostatic hypotension, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and low back pain.
[edit] Sitting
Main article: Sitting
Paul Cézanne. A sitting position
Sitting requires the buttocks resting on a more or less horizontal structure, like a chair or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the legs horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the lotus position or be placed horizontally under the thigh in a seiza.
[edit] Squatting
Main article: Squatting position
Squatting on the ground as a resting position.
Squatting is a posture where the weight of the body is on the feet (as with standing) but the knees are bent either fully (full or deep squat) or partially (partial, half, semi, parallel or monkey squat). It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level when the ground is too dirty to sit or kneel; for defecation (the normal such posture in the many parts of the world that use squat toilets); or as a temporary position during lower body squat exercises.
[edit] Lying
Main article: Lying (position)
"Jupiter et Antiope", by Antoine Watteau
When in lying position, the body may assume a great variety of shapes and positions. The following are the basic recognized positions.
* Supine position: lying on the back with the face up.
* Prone position: lying (or laying) on the chest with the face down ("lying down", "laying down", or "going prone").
Lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with limbs close to the torso and the head close to the knees.
[edit] Kneeling
Main article: Kneeling
A kneeling skeleton
Kneeling is standing not on the feet, but on one or both knees or shins approximately parallel to the ground, possibly raised to an angle depending on the position of the feet. The torso is usually upright but can be considered kneeling at other angles not touching the ground.
[edit] Crouching
Crouching Aphrodite, Louvre
To crouch means "to bend down; to stoop low; to lie close to the ground with legs bent, as an animal when waiting for prey or in fear."[4]
Crouching may involve squatting or kneeling.
[edit] All-fours
See also: The Gaskin Maneuver
This is the static form of crawling which is instinctive form of locomotion for very young children. It is a commonly used childbirth position in non-Western cultures.[5]
[edit] Atypical positions
Hanging man by David Černý
Atypical positions include:
* standing on one leg
* handstand
* head stand
* spreadeagle
* crab position
* Humans can hang in various positions. It is a position where the support is above the center of gravity. It may be voluntary or involuntary.
Such positions are common to break dancing, gymnastics and yoga.
[edit] Bondage positions
Main article: List of bondage positions
A bondage position is a body position created by physical restraints which restricts locomotion, use of the limbs or general freedom of movement.
[edit] Childbirth positions
Main article: Childbirth positions
In addition to the lithotomy position still commonly used by many obstetricians, childbirth positions that are successfully used by midwives and traditional birth-attendants the world over include squatting, standing, kneeling and on all-fours, often in a sequence.[6]
[edit] Dance positions
Main article: Dance positions
Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique.
[edit] Defecation positions
Main article: Defecation positions
The two most common defecation positions are squatting and sitting. The squatting posture is used for Japanese toilets and squat toilets. It is also commonly used for defecation in the absence of toilets or other devices. The sitting defecation posture is used in Western toilets, with a lean-forward posture or a 90-degrees posture. In general, the posture chosen is a cultural decision although the case has been made that squatting provides health benefits over sitting.
[edit] Eating positions
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[edit] Heat escape lessening position
Main article: Heat escape lessening position
The heat escape lessening position (HELP), is a way to position oneself to reduce heat loss in cold water. It is taught as part of the curriculum in Australia, North America and Ireland for lifeguard and boating safety training. It involves essentially positioning one's knees together and hugging them close to the chest using one's arms.
[edit] Medical positions
The following positions are specifically used in medicine:[7]
* anatomical position
* Bozeman's position
* decubitus position
* Fowler's position
* knee-chest position
* knee-elbow position
* lithotomy position
* Mayer position
* Rose's position
* semi-Fowler position
* Sims position
* Trendelenburg position
* verticosubmental position
* Waters' position
[edit] Recovery position
Main article: Recovery position
The recovery position or coma position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, in to which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed as part of first aid treatment.
[edit] Resting positions
A large number of resting positions are possible, based on variations of sitting, squatting, kneeling or lying.[8]
[edit] Sex positions
Main article: Sex positions
Sex positions are positions which people may adopt during or for the purpose of sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. Sexual acts are generally described by the positions the participants adopt in order to perform those acts.
[edit] Shooting positions
* Kneeling position
* Prone position
* Standing position
* Three positions
[edit] Sleeping positions
Main article: Sleeping positions
The sleeping position is the body configuration assumed by a person during or prior to sleeping. Six basic sleeping positions have been identified:
* Fetus (41%) – curling up in a fetal position. This was the most common position, and is especially popular with women.
* Log (15%) – lying on one's side with the arms down the side.
* Yearner (13%) – sleeping on one's side with the arms in front.
* Soldier (8%) – on one's back with the arms pinned to the sides.
* Freefall (7%) – on one's front with the arms around the pillow and the head tilted to one side.
* Starfish (5%) – on one's back with the arms around
[edit] Submissive positions
* Genuflection (or genuflexion) is bending at least one knee to the ground, was from early times a gesture of deep respect for a superior.
* Kneeling is associated with reverence, submission and obeisance, particularly if one kneels before a person who is standing or sitting.
* Kowtowing is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground.
* Prostration is the placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position.
[edit] Urination positions
Main article: Urination
For males, because of the flexible and protruding nature of the penis, it is simple to control the direction of the urine stream. Most males urinate in a standing position although they could urinate sitting down or squatting.
For females, the urine does not exit at a distance from the body and is therefore harder to control. Females most commonly urinate sitting (on a toilet) or squatting. Many females are able to urinate standing, sometimes using a female urination device.
[edit] Yoga positions
Main article: List of yoga postures
Yoga positions are intended primarily to restore and maintain a practitioner's well-being, improve the body's flexibility and vitality, and promote the ability to remain in seated meditation for extended periods.
[edit] See also
* Abnormal posturing
* Anatomical terms of location
* Alexander Technique
* Contortionism
* Ergonomics
* Feldenkrais Method
* Gait (human)
* Human anatomical terms
* Mitzvah Technique
* Neutral spine
* Positional asphyxia
* Postural Integration
* Posture release imagery
* Terrestrial locomotion in animals
[edit] References
1. ^ "Position." Dictionary.com, Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 24 October 2007. Reference.com
2. ^ Fritz Wittels, "Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels", SBN 0300064853, Google Books, p.49
3. ^ Abstract Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing, NIH
4. ^ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crouch
5. ^ Engelmann GJ Labor Among Primitive Peoples (1883)
6. ^ Engelmann GJ Labor Among Primitive Peoples (1883)
7. ^ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/knee-chest+position
8. ^ Hewes GW: ' World distribution of certain postural habits' American Anthropologist, 57, (1955), 231-44
[edit] Further reading
* Hewes GW: The anthropology of posture Scientific American, 196: 122-132 (1957)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Standing
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kneeling
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sitting
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_positions"
Categories: Human body positions
Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded from December 2010 | All articles to be expanded | Use dmy dates from January 2011
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Human body
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the human body as a whole. For components within the human body, see human anatomy.
Human body features displayed on bodies on which body hair and male facial hair has been removed
The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells[1], the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Size, type and proportion
* 2 Systems
o 2.1 Cardiovascular system
o 2.2 Digestive system
o 2.3 Integumentary system
o 2.4 Lymphatic system
o 2.5 Musculoskeletal system
+ 2.5.1 Bones
o 2.6 Nervous system
o 2.7 Reproductive system
* 3 References
* 4 External links
[edit] Size, type and proportion
Main article: Body proportion
Constituents of the human body
In a normal man weighing 60 kg
Constituent Weight [2] Percent of atoms[2]
Oxygen 38.8 kg 25.5 %
Carbon 10.9 kg 9.5 %
Hydrogen 6.0 kg 63 %
Nitrogen 1.9 kg 1.4 %
Calcium 1.2 kg 0.3 %
Phosphorus 0.6 kg 0.2 %
Potassium 0.2 kg 0.06 %
The average height of an adult male human (in developed countries) is about 1.7–1.8 m (5'7" to 5'11") tall and the adult female about 1.6–1.7 m (5'2" to 5'7") tall.[3] This size is firstly determined by genes and secondly by diet. Body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercise[citation needed].
[edit] Systems
Main article: Organ systems
The organ systems of the body include the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, urinary system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, nervous system and reproductive system.
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
[edit] Cardiovascular system
Main articles: Cardiovascular system and Human heart
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals are transferred to the tissues and organs that comprise the body. The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium) pumps only to the lungs for re-oxygenation of the blood.[4][5] The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, which vary in thickness and function.[6]
[edit] Digestive system
Main articles: Digestive system and Human gastrointestinal tract
The digestive system provides the body's means of processing food and transforming nutrients into energy. The digestive system consists of the - buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine ending in the rectum and anus. These parts together are called the alimentary canal (digestive tract).
[edit] Integumentary system
Main article: Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, and is responsible for protecting the body from most physical and environmental factors. The largest organ in the body, is the skin. The integument also includes appendages, primarily the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails and arrectores pili (tiny muscles at the root of each hair that cause goose bumps).
[edit] Lymphatic system
Main articles: Lymphatic system and Immune system
The main function of the lymphatic system is to extract, transport and metabolise lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is very similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function (to carry a body fluid).
[edit] Musculoskeletal system
Main article: Musculoskeletal system
The human musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.
[edit] Bones
Main articles: Human skeleton and List of bones of the human skeleton
An adult human has approximately 206 distinct bones:
Spine and vertebral column (26)
Cranium (8)
Face (14)
Hyoid bone, sternum and ribs (26)
Upper extremities (70)
Lower extremities (62)
[edit] Nervous system
Main articles: Nervous system and Human brain
The nervous system consists of cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself.
[edit] Reproductive system
Main article: Reproductive system
Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum.
The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoa for fertilization of the ovum.
The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category is sperm production and storage. Production takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the female, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens and Cowper's gland.
The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The breasts are also an important reproductive organ during the parenting stage of reproduction.
The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, typically approximately every 28 days, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through a process known as menstruation.
[edit] References
1. ^ Page 21 Inside the human body: using scientific and exponential notation. Author: Greg Roza. Edition: Illustrated. Publisher: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 1404233628, 9781404233621. Length: 32pages
2. ^ a b Page 3 in Chemical storylines. Author: George Burton. Edition 2, illustrated. Publisher: Heinemann, 2000. ISBN 0435631195, 9780435631192. Length: 312 pages
3. ^ http://www.human-body.org/
4. ^ "Cardiovascular System". U.S. National Cancer Institute. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16. [dead link]
5. ^ Human Biology and Health. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1993. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
6. ^ "The Cardiovascular System". SUNY Downstate Medical Center. 2008-03-08. http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/cardiovascular.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
[edit] External links
* Referencing site and detailed pictures showing information on the human body anatomy and structure
Look up body in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Facial expression
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Photographs from the 1862 book Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine by Guillaume Duchenne. Through electric stimulation, Duchenne determined which muscles were responsible for different facial expressions. Charles Darwin would later republish some of these photographs in his own work on the subject, which compared facial expressions in humans to those in animals.
A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the muscles of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among humans, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures.[1][verification needed]
Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so;[citation needed] a person who is trying to avoid insult to an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might nevertheless show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression.[citation needed] Microexpressions are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.[citation needed]
Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species- anger and extreme contentment being the primary examples. Others, however, are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart.[citation needed]
Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral, because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Universality debate
* 2 Communication
o 2.1 Eye contact
o 2.2 Face overall
* 3 Facial expressions
* 4 The muscles of facial expression
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
Universality debate
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Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals:
...the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements.[citation needed]
Still, up to the mid-20th century most anthropologists believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and could therefore differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin's belief to a large degree.
Ekman's work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins.[2] Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures.
The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population, as well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle as a control group. Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story's emotion.
While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Expressions Ekman found to be universal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Findings on contempt are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized.[3]
More recent studies in 2009 show that people from different cultures are likely to interpret facial expressions in different ways. For example, in Canada, the surprised face can be easily mixed up for the disgusted (or sometimes scared) in Kowloon, Hong Kong. [1][verification needed]
Communication
Eye contact
See also: Eye contact
A person's face, especially their eyes, creates the most obvious and immediate cues that lead to the formation of impressions.[4] This article discusses eyes and facial expressions and the effect they have on interpersonal communication.
A person's eyes reveal much about how they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980.[5] Though Tecce's data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates' perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.[6]
Eye contact is another major aspect of facial communication. Some have hypothesized that this is due to infancy, as humans are one of the few mammals who maintain regular eye contact with their mother while nursing.[7] Eye contact serves a variety of purposes. It regulates conversations, shows interest or involvement, and establishes a connection with others.
Eye contact regulates conversational turn taking, communicates involvement and interest, manifests warmth, and establishes connections with others…[and] it can command attention, be flirtatious, or seem cold and intimidating… [it] invites conversation. Lack of eye contact is usually perceived to be rude or inattentive.[6]
But different cultures have different rules for eye contact. Certain Asian cultures can perceive direct eye contact as a way to signal competitiveness, which in many situations may prove to be inappropriate. Others lower their eyes to signal respect, and similarly eye contact is avoided in Nigeria, and between men and women in Islam;[8] however, in western cultures this could be misinterpreted as lacking self-confidence.
Even beyond the idea of eye contact, eyes communicate more data than a person even consciously expresses. Pupil dilation is a significant cue to a level of excitement, pleasure, or attraction. Dilated pupils indicate greater affection or attraction, while constricted pupils send a colder signal.
Face overall
The face as a whole indicates much about human moods as well. Specific emotional states, such as happiness or sadness, are expressed through a smile or a frown, respectively. There are seven universally recognized emotions shown through facial expressions: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness. Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same. However, the same emotion from a specific facial expression may be recognized by a culture, but the same intensity of emotion may not be perceived. For example, studies have shown that Asian cultures tend to rate images of facial emotions as less intense than non-Asian cultures surveyed. This difference can be explained by display rules, which are culture-specific guidelines for behavior appropriateness. In some countries, it may be more rude to display an emotion than in another. Showing anger toward another member in a group may create problems and disharmony, but if displayed towards a competitive rival, it could create in-group cohesion.[citation needed]
Facial expressions
Some examples of feelings that can be expressed are:
* Anger
* Concentration
* Confusion
* Contempt
* Desire
* Disgust
* Excitement
* Empathy
* Fear
* Flirt
* Frustration
* Glare
* Gross
* Happiness
* Sadness
* Snarl, mainly involving the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
* Surprise
The muscles of facial expression
See also: facial muscles.
* Auricularis anterior muscle
* Buccinator muscle
* Corrugator supercilii muscle
* Depressor anguli oris muscle
* Depressor labii inferioris muscle
* Depressor septi nasi muscle
* Frontalis muscle
* Levator anguli oris muscle
* Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
* Levator labii superioris muscle
* Mentalis muscle
* Modiolus muscle
* Nasalis muscle
* Orbicularis oculi muscle
* Orbicularis oris muscle
* Platysma muscle
* Procerus muscle
* Risorius muscle
* Zygomaticus major muscle
* Zygomaticus minor muscle
See also
* Affect display
* Gurn
* Facial Action Coding System, Paul Ekman
* Laughter, Gelotology, Freitas-Magalhães
* Metacommunicative competence
* Bell's Palsy
* Facial Paralysis
References
1. ^ a b Judith Burns, 14 August 2009, Facial expressions 'not global' - BBC News
2. ^ "FAQS Investigators Guide - Acknowledgements". http://www.face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/guide/FACSIVAk.html. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
3. ^ Matsumoto, David (1992) "More evidence for the universality of a contempt expression". Motivation and Emotion. Springer Netherlands. Volume 16, Number 4 / December, 1992. Abstract
4. ^ Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press
5. ^ “In the blink of an eye.” (October 21, 1999). Newsweek.
6. ^ a b Rothwell, J. Dan. In the Company of Others: An Introduction to Communication. United States: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
7. ^ Spitz, Rene A., and Wolf, K. M. “The Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations.” Genetic Psychology Monographs. 34 (August 1946). P. 57-125.
8. ^ Caring for Patients from Different Cultures, by Geri-Ann Galanti, p. 34
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Facial expression
* The Naked Face, August 5, 2002. Annals of Psychology
* Facial Expressions Resources Page contains links to research concerning facial expressions
* Bell's Palsy information site Information for sufferer's of facial palsy/facial paralysis
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression"
Categories: Facial expressions | Anatomical simulation
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Microexpression
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A microexpression is a brief, involuntary facial expression shown on the face of humans according to emotions experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. Unlike regular facial expressions, it is difficult to fake microexpressions. Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: disgust, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, and contempt.[1] They are very brief in duration, lasting only 1/15 to 1/25 of a second.[2]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Wizards Project
* 3 In popular culture
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
[edit] History
Microexpressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs. In their 1966 study, Haggard and Isaacs outlined how they discovered these "micromomentary" expressions while "scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, searching for indications of non-verbal communication between therapist and patient" [3]This reprint edition of Ekman and Friesen's breakthrough research on the facial expression of emotion uses scores of photographs showing emotions of surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, anger, happiness, and sadness. The authors of Unmasking the Face explain how to identify these basic emotions correctly and how to tell when people try to mask, simulate, or neutralize them.
In the 1960s, William S. Condon pioneered the study of interactions at the fraction-of-a-second level. In his famous research project, he scrutinized a four-and-a-half-second film segment frame by frame, where each frame represented 1/25th second. After studying this film segment for a year and a half, he discerned interactional micromovements, such as the wife moving her shoulder exactly as the husband's hands came up, which combined yielded microrhythms.[4]
Years after Condon's study, American psychologist John Gottman began video-recording living relationships to study how couples interact. By studying participants' facial expressions, Gottman was able to correlate expressions with which relationships would last and which would not.[5] Gottman's 2002 paper makes no claims to accuracy in terms of binary classification, and is instead a regression analysis of a two factor model where skin conductance levels and oral history narratives encodings are the only two statistically significant variables. Facial expressions using Ekman's encoding scheme were not statistically significant.[6] In Malcom Gladwell's book "Blink", which was written many years after "Emotional Intelligence" already brought Gottman's work to the attention of the public, Gottman states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive to a marriage: defensiveness, stonewalling, criticism, and contempt. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the most important of them all.[7]
[edit] Wizards Project
Main article: Wizards Project
Most people do not seem to perceive microexpressions in themselves or others. In the Wizards Project, previously called the "Diogenes Project", Drs. Paul Ekman and Maureen O'Sullivan studied the ability of people to detect deception. Of the thousands of people tested, only a select few were able to accurately detect when someone was lying. The Wizards Project researchers named these people "Truth Wizards". To date, the Wizards Project has identified just over 50 people with this ability after testing nearly 20,000 people.[8] Truth Wizards use microexpressions, among many other cues, to determine if someone is being truthful. Scientists hope by studying wizards that they can further advance the techniques used to identify deception.
[edit] In popular culture
This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivial references. (June 2010)
Microexpressions and associated science are the central premise for the 2009 television series Lie to Me, in which the main character uses his acute awareness of microexpressions to determine when someone is lying or hiding something.
They also play a central role in Robert Ludlum's posthumously published The Ambler Warning, in which the central character, Harrison Ambler, is an intelligence agent who is able to see them. Similarly, one of the main characters in Alastair Reynolds science fiction novel, Absolution Gap, Aura, can easily read microexpressions.
On Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Detective Robert Goren was adept in detecting microexpressions.
[edit] See also
* Nonverbal communication
* Body language
* Facecrime
* Facial Action Coding System
[edit] References
1. ^ P. Ekman, “Facial Expressions of Emotion: an Old Controversy and New Findings”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B335:63--69, 1992
2. ^ http://face.paulekman.com/aboutmett2.aspx
3. ^ Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micro-momentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
4. ^ http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1966/10000/Sound_Film_Analysis_of_Normal_and_Pathological.5.aspx
5. ^ http://www.gottman.com/49853/Research-FAQs.html
6. ^ Gottman, J. and Levenson, R.W., (2002). A Two-Factor Model for Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce: Exploratory Analyses Using 14-Year Longitudinal Data, Family Process, 41 (1), p. 83-96
7. ^ Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink, Chapter 1, Section 3, The Importance of Contempt
8. ^ Camilleri, J., Truth Wizard knows when you've been lying", Chicago Sun-Times, January 21, 2009
Sound Film Analysis of Normal and Pathological Behavior Patterns, CONDON, W. S.; OGSTON, W. D., Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 143(4):338-347, October 1966.
[edit] External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (June 2010)
* Freitas-Magalhaes' Personal Site
* Paul Ekman's Personal Site
* Dr. David Matsumoto
* Free Micro Expression Training
* J.J. Newberry, director
* Janine Driver, director
* Joe Navarro, director
* Maureen O'Sullivan's Blog
* Lying and Deceit: The Wizards Project
* Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors, MSNBC.com
* Lying Is Exposed By Microexpressions We Can't Control, Science Daily, May 2006
* The Naked Face
* Facial Expressions Test based on "The Micro Expression Training Tool"
* "A Look Tells All" in Scientific American Mind October 2006
* Microexpressions Complicate Face Reading, by Medical News Today August 2007
* Deception Detection, American Psychological Association
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microexpression"
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William S. Condon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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William S. Condon is a researcher who investigated human interactions. He developed the concept of situation synchrony.[1]
[edit] Cultural references
In Malcolm Gladwell's 2000 book, The Tipping Point, he cites Condon's research to help explain why some "Salesman" types may contribute more to word-of-mouth cultural 'epidemics'.
Some other reference is made in Flora Davis's book "Inside Intuition-What we know about Non-Verbal Communication" published in New York by McGraw-Hill Books. Which talks about the study he did on Interactional Syncrony. [2]
[edit] Works
* Condon, W. S. (1996). Sound-Film Microanalysis: A Means for Correlating Brain and Behavior in Persons with Autism. Proceedings of the 1996 Autism Society of America National Conference, Milwaukee, WI, July 1996, 221–225.
* Condon, W. S. (1985). Sound-Film Microanalysis: A Means for Correlating Brain and Behavior. In Frank Duffy and Norman Geschwind (Eds.), Dyslexia: A Neuroscientific Approach to Clinical Evaluation, Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 123–156.
* Condon, W. S. (1974) Cultural Microrhythms. In M. Davis (Ed.), Interaction Rhythms. New York: Human Sciences, 1982.
* Condon, W. S. (1971). Speech and Body Motion Synchrony of the Speaker-Hearer. In D. L. Horton and J. J. Jenkins (Eds.), Perception of Language, Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 150–173.
* Condon, W. S. (1974). Multiple response to sound in autistic-like children. Proceedings of the National Society for Autistic Children Conference, Washington, DC, June 1974.
* Condon, W. S. and Sander, L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech. Integrated participation and language acquisition. Science 183:99.
* Condon, W. S. (1963) Synchrony units and the communicational hierarchy. Paper presented at Western Psychiatric Institute & Clinics, Pittsburgh, PA
[edit] References
1. ^ Interactional Synchrony Studies, Inc.
2. ^ Cómo descifrar
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